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<p>The integration of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) into hybrid renewable microgrids offers great potential for improving the resilience of off-grid regions. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive simulation framework to evaluate multiple BESS capacities (80–300 kWh) over a ten-year horizon, incorporating seasonal variability, load growth, hydroelectric disruptions, and stochastic uncertainties. We addressed the gaps in existing frameworks by including reliability metrics such as Energy Not Served (ENS), Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and export revenue, in addition to evaluating carbon emissions. The results indicated that a 220 kWh BESS configuration provided the best balance of resilience, reducing ENS and LOLE while maintaining a reasonable LCOE over the 10-year period. The novelty of the work lies in its ability to incorporate multi-year disaster events, stochastic load growth, and time-of-use tariffs in a hybrid microgrid context. The simulation framework’s originality is demonstrated by its ability to balance energy reliability, environmental performance, and economic feasibility, offering valuable insights into how energy storage can optimize rural electrification in disaster-prone areas like Sarawak, Malaysia.</p>

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Optimizing hybrid microgrids with battery energy storage for rural electrification: a high-resolution, multi-year simulation framework for Sarawak, Malaysia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Chin Kim Gan,
  • Mohammadmahdi Ariannejad,
  • Chia Chao Kang,
  • Zi-Neng Ng,
  • Jian Ding Tan,
  • Guo Ren Mong,
  • Wei Hown Tee

摘要

The integration of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) into hybrid renewable microgrids offers great potential for improving the resilience of off-grid regions. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive simulation framework to evaluate multiple BESS capacities (80–300 kWh) over a ten-year horizon, incorporating seasonal variability, load growth, hydroelectric disruptions, and stochastic uncertainties. We addressed the gaps in existing frameworks by including reliability metrics such as Energy Not Served (ENS), Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and export revenue, in addition to evaluating carbon emissions. The results indicated that a 220 kWh BESS configuration provided the best balance of resilience, reducing ENS and LOLE while maintaining a reasonable LCOE over the 10-year period. The novelty of the work lies in its ability to incorporate multi-year disaster events, stochastic load growth, and time-of-use tariffs in a hybrid microgrid context. The simulation framework’s originality is demonstrated by its ability to balance energy reliability, environmental performance, and economic feasibility, offering valuable insights into how energy storage can optimize rural electrification in disaster-prone areas like Sarawak, Malaysia.