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<p>Monitoring pulmonary injury caused by environmental exposures remains a critical challenge in toxicological and diagnostic research. Herein, we report a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, DDAO-B, designed for the real-time and noninvasive imaging of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity—a key enzyme involved in inflammatory regulation and xenobiotic detoxification. The probe operates via an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-mediated fluorescence “turn-on” mechanism, achieving a 260-fold emission enhancement at 674&#xa0;nm upon enzymatic activation, with a detection limit of 0.041 U/L and excellent photostability. DDAO-B enabled precise visualization of BChE distribution in lung epithelial cells and revealed its upregulation during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. More importantly, the probe was successfully applied to smoke exposure mouse models, where dynamic fluorescence imaging demonstrated dose- and duration-dependent accumulation of pulmonary toxicity. Fluorescent signal intensity strongly correlated with cigarette concentration and exposure time, with specific enrichment in lung tissue confirmed by organ imaging and histopathological analysis. These findings underscore the potential of DDAO-B as a versatile diagnostic tool for assessing environmental hazards and investigating the mechanisms of lung injury.</p>

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Real-Time Imaging of Pulmonary Inflammation and Smoke-Induced Lung Toxicity via a Near-Infrared Probe Targeting Butyrylcholinesterase Activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Lanyun Zhang,
  • Bo Zhang,
  • Mo Ma,
  • Chen Zhao,
  • Jingkang Li,
  • Pinyi Ma,
  • Daqian Song

摘要

Monitoring pulmonary injury caused by environmental exposures remains a critical challenge in toxicological and diagnostic research. Herein, we report a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, DDAO-B, designed for the real-time and noninvasive imaging of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity—a key enzyme involved in inflammatory regulation and xenobiotic detoxification. The probe operates via an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-mediated fluorescence “turn-on” mechanism, achieving a 260-fold emission enhancement at 674 nm upon enzymatic activation, with a detection limit of 0.041 U/L and excellent photostability. DDAO-B enabled precise visualization of BChE distribution in lung epithelial cells and revealed its upregulation during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. More importantly, the probe was successfully applied to smoke exposure mouse models, where dynamic fluorescence imaging demonstrated dose- and duration-dependent accumulation of pulmonary toxicity. Fluorescent signal intensity strongly correlated with cigarette concentration and exposure time, with specific enrichment in lung tissue confirmed by organ imaging and histopathological analysis. These findings underscore the potential of DDAO-B as a versatile diagnostic tool for assessing environmental hazards and investigating the mechanisms of lung injury.