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<p>The increasing need for sustainable and intelligent manufacturing has accelerated the adoption of digital technologies in production-inventory systems. This study develops a digital twin-enabled smart manufacturing framework that integrates Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring, blockchain traceability, and carbon cap-and-trade regulation within a nonlinear production-inventory optimization model for deteriorating items. The proposed framework extends the classical production-depletion system by using IoT investment to reduce the effective deterioration rate, while blockchain technology provides secure and tamper-resistant recording of production and carbon-emission data. The model jointly optimizes the production cycle length, production uptime, and monitoring intensity by incorporating setup, production, holding, IoT, blockchain, and carbon-trading costs. Numerical results show that the IoT-enabled scenario reduces total cost by approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(16.85\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, peak inventory by approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(82.65\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and holding cost by approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(84.27\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> compared with the baseline system. The integrated digital scenario also reduces total cost by approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(5.18\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and peak inventory by approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(64.98\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, while providing blockchain-supported traceability and improved carbon-accounting reliability. The proposed framework offers a practical decision-support approach for sustainable Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems.</p>

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A Digital Twin and Blockchain-Enabled Sustainable Industry 4.0 Framework for Deteriorating Items under Carbon Regulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Prabal Das,
  • Ali Akbar Shaikh,
  • Nabendu Sen,
  • Nilanjana Chakrabarty,
  • Amit Kumar Das,
  • Deepjyoti Choudhury,
  • Bishwa Ranjan Roy

摘要

The increasing need for sustainable and intelligent manufacturing has accelerated the adoption of digital technologies in production-inventory systems. This study develops a digital twin-enabled smart manufacturing framework that integrates Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring, blockchain traceability, and carbon cap-and-trade regulation within a nonlinear production-inventory optimization model for deteriorating items. The proposed framework extends the classical production-depletion system by using IoT investment to reduce the effective deterioration rate, while blockchain technology provides secure and tamper-resistant recording of production and carbon-emission data. The model jointly optimizes the production cycle length, production uptime, and monitoring intensity by incorporating setup, production, holding, IoT, blockchain, and carbon-trading costs. Numerical results show that the IoT-enabled scenario reduces total cost by approximately \(16.85\%\) , peak inventory by approximately \(82.65\%\) , and holding cost by approximately \(84.27\%\) compared with the baseline system. The integrated digital scenario also reduces total cost by approximately \(5.18\%\) and peak inventory by approximately \(64.98\%\) , while providing blockchain-supported traceability and improved carbon-accounting reliability. The proposed framework offers a practical decision-support approach for sustainable Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems.