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<p>This research develops a multi-objective optimization framework for thermal Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems integrating Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), Brine Concentrator (BC), and Brine Crystallizer (BCR) for sustainable seawater desalination in coastal regions. The work addresses water scarcity while ensuring complete elimination of liquid waste. A validated MATLAB thermodynamic model (2–6% deviation from literature) was employed with a Multi-Objective Differential Evolution algorithm to optimize water production, energy efficiency, and cost across 7,560 operating scenarios. The optimized system achieves an annual freshwater output of 5.04&#xa0;million m³ with 95.4% overall recovery. Stage-wise recovery rates are 27.8% (MED), 55.7% (BC), and 11.8% (BCR), leaving only 4.7% of feed as solid salt waste (243.14 kton/year). Economic evaluation estimates a CAPEX of US$ 30.58&#xa0;million and a specific investment of US$ 2,077/(m³/day), positioning the system within the global ZLD benchmark. The levelized cost of water is US$ 5.13/m³ (INR 0.44/L), with BC operations accounting for 63.82% of costs. Sensitivity analysis highlights steam temperature and feed salinity as the most influential parameters for performance. Overall, this study establishes a robust optimization framework showing that thermal ZLD systems can achieve near-complete water recovery with competitive economics, making them suitable for sustainable desalination in water-stressed coastal regions.</p>

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Multi-Objective Optimization of Thermal Zero Liquid Discharge System for Sustainable Seawater Desalination: A Techno-Economic Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月18日

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  • Tarun Kumar Aseri,
  • Ravindra Singh,
  • Chandan Sharma

摘要

This research develops a multi-objective optimization framework for thermal Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems integrating Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), Brine Concentrator (BC), and Brine Crystallizer (BCR) for sustainable seawater desalination in coastal regions. The work addresses water scarcity while ensuring complete elimination of liquid waste. A validated MATLAB thermodynamic model (2–6% deviation from literature) was employed with a Multi-Objective Differential Evolution algorithm to optimize water production, energy efficiency, and cost across 7,560 operating scenarios. The optimized system achieves an annual freshwater output of 5.04 million m³ with 95.4% overall recovery. Stage-wise recovery rates are 27.8% (MED), 55.7% (BC), and 11.8% (BCR), leaving only 4.7% of feed as solid salt waste (243.14 kton/year). Economic evaluation estimates a CAPEX of US$ 30.58 million and a specific investment of US$ 2,077/(m³/day), positioning the system within the global ZLD benchmark. The levelized cost of water is US$ 5.13/m³ (INR 0.44/L), with BC operations accounting for 63.82% of costs. Sensitivity analysis highlights steam temperature and feed salinity as the most influential parameters for performance. Overall, this study establishes a robust optimization framework showing that thermal ZLD systems can achieve near-complete water recovery with competitive economics, making them suitable for sustainable desalination in water-stressed coastal regions.