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<p>Membrane technologies have gained sustained attention in decarbonisation strategies due to their comparatively low energy demand, modular deployment, and ability to achieve targeted molecular separations. This review critically evaluates the current performance of membrane-based processes across key low-carbon applications, including solvent recovery, post-combustion CO₂ separation, hydrogen purification, biogas upgrading, and coupling with renewable energy systems. Reported data indicate that advanced membrane materials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and bioinspired architectures can deliver permeability enhancements of one to two orders of magnitude while maintaining or improving selectivity compared to conventional polymeric membranes, particularly under elevated temperature and chemically aggressive conditions. Recent progress in process configurations, including membrane reactors, hybrid membrane–absorption systems, and electro-membrane separations, demonstrates energy savings in the range of 20–50% relative to traditional separation routes, alongside measurable reductions in process-related emissions. Despite these gains, the review identifies persistent barriers to large-scale deployment, notably material scalability, long-term operational stability, fouling control, and performance degradation during extended operation. Emerging modelling approaches and machine-learning-assisted design frameworks are shown to reduce experimental screening time and improve performance prediction accuracy, supporting faster material and process optimisation. By integrating lifecycle assessment and techno-economic analyses, this review highlights the trade-offs between separation efficiency, carbon intensity, and cost, underscoring factors that influence policy relevance and commercial uptake. Key research priorities are outlined to guide the transition of membrane technologies from laboratory-scale innovation to reliable contributors to global carbon neutrality targets.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Membrane Technologies for Decarbonisation: Materials, Processes, and System-Level Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Harshita Jain

摘要

Membrane technologies have gained sustained attention in decarbonisation strategies due to their comparatively low energy demand, modular deployment, and ability to achieve targeted molecular separations. This review critically evaluates the current performance of membrane-based processes across key low-carbon applications, including solvent recovery, post-combustion CO₂ separation, hydrogen purification, biogas upgrading, and coupling with renewable energy systems. Reported data indicate that advanced membrane materials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and bioinspired architectures can deliver permeability enhancements of one to two orders of magnitude while maintaining or improving selectivity compared to conventional polymeric membranes, particularly under elevated temperature and chemically aggressive conditions. Recent progress in process configurations, including membrane reactors, hybrid membrane–absorption systems, and electro-membrane separations, demonstrates energy savings in the range of 20–50% relative to traditional separation routes, alongside measurable reductions in process-related emissions. Despite these gains, the review identifies persistent barriers to large-scale deployment, notably material scalability, long-term operational stability, fouling control, and performance degradation during extended operation. Emerging modelling approaches and machine-learning-assisted design frameworks are shown to reduce experimental screening time and improve performance prediction accuracy, supporting faster material and process optimisation. By integrating lifecycle assessment and techno-economic analyses, this review highlights the trade-offs between separation efficiency, carbon intensity, and cost, underscoring factors that influence policy relevance and commercial uptake. Key research priorities are outlined to guide the transition of membrane technologies from laboratory-scale innovation to reliable contributors to global carbon neutrality targets.

Graphical Abstract