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<p>In environmentally sensitive regions such as the Gilan province of Iran, it is crucial to consider the complex interplay among climate, land, energy, and water resources. This province, characterized by high population density and intensive livestock and agricultural activity, faces manure mismanagement, periodic energy deficits, and outdated waste transportation practices that increase emissions and pollution dispersion. Using the Climate, Land, Energy, and Water (CLEW) framework, this study develops an integrated assessment of biogas supply chain planning for Gilan. A fuzzy multi-objective mixed-integer programming model is used to optimize supplier selection and feedstock allocation by minimizing economic and CLEW-based environmental costs while maximizing feedstock quality and improving supplier reliability. The results show that supplier choices vary substantially across risk attitudes, with conservative biogas plants increasing orders by up to 40% to satisfy higher service levels, while venturesome plants reduce dispersion and rely on fewer suppliers. Reliability improves by 0.82 to 0.89 under conservative settings, demonstrating the model’s capacity to maintain stable supply even under uncertainty. The DEMATEL analysis identifies performance evaluation of suppliers and improved packaging at collection points as the most influential strategic actions. Overall, the findings confirm that a CLEW-integrated optimization approach strengthens supply stability, reduces environmental impacts, and supports sustainable biogas development in Gilan.</p>

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Feedstock Reliability Optimization Model for a Biogas Supply Chain with Climate, Land, Energy, and Water Nexus Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • Parvaneh Zeraati Foukolaei,
  • Maryam Ghaedi,
  • Mostafa Hajiaghaei-Keshteli,
  • Moein Khazaei

摘要

In environmentally sensitive regions such as the Gilan province of Iran, it is crucial to consider the complex interplay among climate, land, energy, and water resources. This province, characterized by high population density and intensive livestock and agricultural activity, faces manure mismanagement, periodic energy deficits, and outdated waste transportation practices that increase emissions and pollution dispersion. Using the Climate, Land, Energy, and Water (CLEW) framework, this study develops an integrated assessment of biogas supply chain planning for Gilan. A fuzzy multi-objective mixed-integer programming model is used to optimize supplier selection and feedstock allocation by minimizing economic and CLEW-based environmental costs while maximizing feedstock quality and improving supplier reliability. The results show that supplier choices vary substantially across risk attitudes, with conservative biogas plants increasing orders by up to 40% to satisfy higher service levels, while venturesome plants reduce dispersion and rely on fewer suppliers. Reliability improves by 0.82 to 0.89 under conservative settings, demonstrating the model’s capacity to maintain stable supply even under uncertainty. The DEMATEL analysis identifies performance evaluation of suppliers and improved packaging at collection points as the most influential strategic actions. Overall, the findings confirm that a CLEW-integrated optimization approach strengthens supply stability, reduces environmental impacts, and supports sustainable biogas development in Gilan.