<p>Today’s industries struggle with issues brought on by environmental policies aimed at promoting society’s well-being and addressing a challenging environment. Researchers worldwide focus on reducing carbon emissions in the manufacturing cycle. Carbon emissions are a significant component of global warming, so regulatory bodies adopt policies such as cap-and-trade and carbon taxes. This study examines waste management in manufacturing and remanufacturing processes, aiming to create a controllable carbon emission environment and achieve production rates dependent on modern technology. With this consideration, a closed-loop model developed with the concept of the primary and secondary markets, featuring multiple stages that minimize carbon emissions, thereby reducing total time and cost. Waste from the direct supply chain is used in the secondary market after a repair and is helpful for environmentally friendly purposes. A few of the decision variable solutions in this study’s quasi-closed form are obtained and therefore achieve the cost minimization objective. The results show that the minimized total cost is influenced by the level of modern technology adoption and the number of workers involved. Specifically, increased investment in technology for the remanufacturing process leads to higher total costs but reduces overall production time. This highlights a clear trade-off between time efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The solution process has been demonstrated and verified through numerical examples. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of parameters on decisions and to derive valuable managerial insights that support environmentally responsible and cost-efficient production strategies.</p>