<p>Microelectronics that make up modern-day devices need to be studied with greater scrutiny on security to mitigate emerging cyber threats. The growth of technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), fuels the need to build secure and trustworthy microelectronics that form these end devices. The wide applications of microelectronics broaden the cyber-attack range for adversaries to initiate security attacks. When compromised at a larger scale, impacts can lead to supply and service disruptions in the supply chain, and it must be contained, with risks being eliminated to avoid further impacts. Therefore, understanding the threat surfaces for microelectronics, associated endpoints, evolution, and future developments can help ongoing security research and industrial efforts to protect microelectronics, making them a trustworthy building block of modern electronic devices. This paper reviews the current prevailing security factors contributing to the major impacts of security issues in microelectronics involving hardware and manufacturing vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the exploration extends to various security attacks, including trojans, counterfeiting, and side-channel attacks, covering their attack vectors and associated strategies within the field of microelectronics. This review article also discusses mitigation strategies and security measures for eliminating risks to avoid further impacts. This article provides a comprehensive overview of trustworthy, state-of-the-art microelectronics. By understanding security issues and the current state of countermeasures, we can work towards creating more secure and reliable microelectronic devices across the global supply chain.</p>