<p>PurposeWe implement a high-fidelity electron transport model based on the Static Structure Monte Carlo (SSMC) approach inthe Geant4 framework. This enables accurate event-by-event simulation of ionization electrons in liquid argon,krypton, and xenon, addressing a key computational need for neutrino and dark matter detectors.MethodThe model is integrated into Geant4 via a standardized class "G4VDiscreteProcess", combining microscopic collisionphysics with efficient numerical tracking. Systematic validation is performed by comparing simulated electron driftvelocities, diffusion coefficients, and transport trajectories to published experimental data.ResultThe simulation reproduces experimental drift velocities and diffusion coefficients with high accuracy across liquidargon and xenon. It provides the diffusion predictions for liquid krypton, where experimental data are scarce.ConclusionThis implementation delivers a reliable, open-accessible simulation tool for noble liquid detector development. Thissimulation tool serves as a platform to derive macroscopic transport parameters (drift velocity and diffusioncoefficients) from fundamental microscopic physics. These parameters are critical for evaluating spatial andtemporal resolutions, thereby guiding the optimization of future detector designs. The precise tracking of ionization electron signals is critical in determining the sensitivity of noble liquid detectors, supporting groundbreaking experiments in particle physics such as neutrino interaction studies and dark matter searches. Accurate modeling of electron transport parameters, e.g., drift velocity, diffusion, is essential for optimizing detector design, performance, and signal interpretation. While physical transport models have been theoretically evaluated in our previous group publications (NIM A.1080.2025) (Cao in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 1080:170666, 2025), the lack of a standardized, high-fidelity implementation within the Geant4 framework has hindered direct and efficient detector simulation. To address this, we present a novel model implementation that integrates the Static Structure Monte Carlo (SSMC) approach directly into the Geant4 architecture. Moving beyond theoretical investigation, this work focuses on the engineering implementation of a standardized G4VDiscreteProcess interface, ensuring architectural compatibility and computational efficiency for the broader research community. The model enables event-by-event tracking of electron transport in liquid argon, krypton, and xenon. The model’s accuracy and reliability are validated through systematic comparisons of simulated electron drift velocities, longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients, and transport trajectories against comprehensive experimental data. Notably, this study provides high-fidelity transport simulations for liquid krypton, filling a critical gap in the literature where experimental benchmarks are currently scarce. By implementing detailed collision model, this simulation tool serves as a platform to derive macroscopic transport parameters (drift velocity and diffusion coefficients) from fundamental microscopic physics. These parameters are critical for evaluating spatial and temporal resolutions, thereby guiding the optimization of future detector designs.</p>

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A high-fidelity electron transport simulation package in the Geant4 toolkit for liquid argon, krypton, and xenon detectors

  • Lei Cao,
  • Yongsheng Huang,
  • Xilei Sun,
  • Tao Liu,
  • Mingzheng Yang,
  • Jingbo Ye

摘要

PurposeWe implement a high-fidelity electron transport model based on the Static Structure Monte Carlo (SSMC) approach inthe Geant4 framework. This enables accurate event-by-event simulation of ionization electrons in liquid argon,krypton, and xenon, addressing a key computational need for neutrino and dark matter detectors.MethodThe model is integrated into Geant4 via a standardized class "G4VDiscreteProcess", combining microscopic collisionphysics with efficient numerical tracking. Systematic validation is performed by comparing simulated electron driftvelocities, diffusion coefficients, and transport trajectories to published experimental data.ResultThe simulation reproduces experimental drift velocities and diffusion coefficients with high accuracy across liquidargon and xenon. It provides the diffusion predictions for liquid krypton, where experimental data are scarce.ConclusionThis implementation delivers a reliable, open-accessible simulation tool for noble liquid detector development. Thissimulation tool serves as a platform to derive macroscopic transport parameters (drift velocity and diffusioncoefficients) from fundamental microscopic physics. These parameters are critical for evaluating spatial andtemporal resolutions, thereby guiding the optimization of future detector designs. The precise tracking of ionization electron signals is critical in determining the sensitivity of noble liquid detectors, supporting groundbreaking experiments in particle physics such as neutrino interaction studies and dark matter searches. Accurate modeling of electron transport parameters, e.g., drift velocity, diffusion, is essential for optimizing detector design, performance, and signal interpretation. While physical transport models have been theoretically evaluated in our previous group publications (NIM A.1080.2025) (Cao in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 1080:170666, 2025), the lack of a standardized, high-fidelity implementation within the Geant4 framework has hindered direct and efficient detector simulation. To address this, we present a novel model implementation that integrates the Static Structure Monte Carlo (SSMC) approach directly into the Geant4 architecture. Moving beyond theoretical investigation, this work focuses on the engineering implementation of a standardized G4VDiscreteProcess interface, ensuring architectural compatibility and computational efficiency for the broader research community. The model enables event-by-event tracking of electron transport in liquid argon, krypton, and xenon. The model’s accuracy and reliability are validated through systematic comparisons of simulated electron drift velocities, longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients, and transport trajectories against comprehensive experimental data. Notably, this study provides high-fidelity transport simulations for liquid krypton, filling a critical gap in the literature where experimental benchmarks are currently scarce. By implementing detailed collision model, this simulation tool serves as a platform to derive macroscopic transport parameters (drift velocity and diffusion coefficients) from fundamental microscopic physics. These parameters are critical for evaluating spatial and temporal resolutions, thereby guiding the optimization of future detector designs.