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Purpose <p>We propose a timestamp-based 3D imaging method using muonic X-ray arrival times and evaluate its feasibility for nondestructive imaging of multi-element, complex structures, as well as the impact of detector time resolution.</p> Methods <p>Geant4 simulations cover three representative targets: Model A (“MIXE” letters in Al/Ti/Fe/Cu) to assess spatial resolution; Model B (an Al vase with an internal Cu block and a Ti handle) to study centimeter-scale complexity and timing dependence; and Model C (a spherical Al–Ti phantom) to isolate the effects of beam-energy spread and <i>μ</i>–γ mispairing on reconstruction.</p> Results <p>In Model A, the method resolves boundaries at sub-millimeter scale. In Model B, SSIM confirms accurate 3D recovery, and 30 ps (FWHM) provides a practical trade-off between sharpness and system complexity. In Model C, a moderate energy spread leads to measurable edge broadening and a small peak-radius bias, without introducing new ring-like artifacts; under single-particle operation, the expected mispairing rate is negligible, while stress tests (e.g., <i>f</i> = 5%) show a monotonic increase of Edge<sub>10–90</sub> with mispairing.</p> Conclusion <p>With practical timing, the timestamp method enables high-fidelity, sub-millimeter 3D reconstruction across materials of different atomic number (Z) and exhibits robustness to moderate energy spread and realistic mispairing—supporting its applicability to nondestructive testing of complex metallic objects.</p>

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Research on three-dimensional imaging based on the muonic X-ray arrival timestamp algorithm

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • ChunTian Feng,
  • LongXiang Yin,
  • SiYuan Luo,
  • FangJie Zhou,
  • Mao Shen,
  • LiZhi Wang,
  • XuanKai Huang,
  • YuShan Zhou,
  • XiaoDong Wang

摘要

Purpose

We propose a timestamp-based 3D imaging method using muonic X-ray arrival times and evaluate its feasibility for nondestructive imaging of multi-element, complex structures, as well as the impact of detector time resolution.

Methods

Geant4 simulations cover three representative targets: Model A (“MIXE” letters in Al/Ti/Fe/Cu) to assess spatial resolution; Model B (an Al vase with an internal Cu block and a Ti handle) to study centimeter-scale complexity and timing dependence; and Model C (a spherical Al–Ti phantom) to isolate the effects of beam-energy spread and μ–γ mispairing on reconstruction.

Results

In Model A, the method resolves boundaries at sub-millimeter scale. In Model B, SSIM confirms accurate 3D recovery, and 30 ps (FWHM) provides a practical trade-off between sharpness and system complexity. In Model C, a moderate energy spread leads to measurable edge broadening and a small peak-radius bias, without introducing new ring-like artifacts; under single-particle operation, the expected mispairing rate is negligible, while stress tests (e.g., f = 5%) show a monotonic increase of Edge10–90 with mispairing.

Conclusion

With practical timing, the timestamp method enables high-fidelity, sub-millimeter 3D reconstruction across materials of different atomic number (Z) and exhibits robustness to moderate energy spread and realistic mispairing—supporting its applicability to nondestructive testing of complex metallic objects.