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Purpose <p>Regenerative endodontic therapy aims to restore the dentin–pulp complex through biologically based approaches utilizing endogenous growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). This study evaluated and compared TGF-β1 release from root dentin following final irrigation with simvastatin, simvastatin-loaded nanochitosan (Sim-CNP), and 17% EDTA, with and without Er: YAG laser activation.</p> Methods <p>Thirty extracted human premolars were prepared and randomly allocated into six groups (<i>n</i> = 5) according to irrigant type (17% EDTA, simvastatin, and Sim-CNP) and activation protocol (with or without Er: YAG laser activation). Laser activation was performed at 2940&#xa0;nm, 150&#xa0;mJ, and 10&#xa0;Hz for 60&#xa0;s. Following treatment, dentin samples were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline, and TGF-β1 release was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Results <p>Sim-CNP demonstrated the highest TGF-β1 release among all groups. Er: YAG laser activation increased the mean TGF-β1 release values across all irrigants; however, a statistically significant increase was observed only in the Sim-CNP group (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Both material type and laser activation significantly influenced TGF-β1 release, where as no significant interaction effect was detected</p> Conclusion <p>Simvastatin-loaded nanochitosan enhances TGF-β1 release from root dentin, particularly when combined with Er: YAG laser activation. These findings suggest that Sim-CNP may serve as a promising bioactive irrigant for regenerative endodontic applications. Further studies are required to evaluate its biological effects under clinically relevant conditions.</p>

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Er:YAG Laser–activated simvastatin-loaded nanochitosan irrigant enhances TGF-β1 release from root dentin: an in-vitro study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Vaishnavi K S,
  • Biji Brigit,
  • Kiran Kumar N,
  • Savith B. Naik,
  • Seema Merwade,
  • Sourabh T J,
  • Shwetha R.S,
  • Ansha Jasmin S.,
  • Andria Dsouza

摘要

Purpose

Regenerative endodontic therapy aims to restore the dentin–pulp complex through biologically based approaches utilizing endogenous growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). This study evaluated and compared TGF-β1 release from root dentin following final irrigation with simvastatin, simvastatin-loaded nanochitosan (Sim-CNP), and 17% EDTA, with and without Er: YAG laser activation.

Methods

Thirty extracted human premolars were prepared and randomly allocated into six groups (n = 5) according to irrigant type (17% EDTA, simvastatin, and Sim-CNP) and activation protocol (with or without Er: YAG laser activation). Laser activation was performed at 2940 nm, 150 mJ, and 10 Hz for 60 s. Following treatment, dentin samples were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline, and TGF-β1 release was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05).

Results

Sim-CNP demonstrated the highest TGF-β1 release among all groups. Er: YAG laser activation increased the mean TGF-β1 release values across all irrigants; however, a statistically significant increase was observed only in the Sim-CNP group (p = 0.002). Both material type and laser activation significantly influenced TGF-β1 release, where as no significant interaction effect was detected

Conclusion

Simvastatin-loaded nanochitosan enhances TGF-β1 release from root dentin, particularly when combined with Er: YAG laser activation. These findings suggest that Sim-CNP may serve as a promising bioactive irrigant for regenerative endodontic applications. Further studies are required to evaluate its biological effects under clinically relevant conditions.