The dynamics of the fractional SEIQR malware spread model on wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of sensing devices that can communicate wirelessly. Unfortunately, these sensors are often susceptible to malware attacks. To combat this problem, we created a mathematical model that uses fractional order derivatives in the Caputo sense to describe the spread of malware in WSNs. We provide the state and co-state equations of the proposed model and discuss the malware-free equilibrium and stability of the system. Additionally, we calculate the basic reproduction number and communication radius of sensors. To effectively reduce the spread of infection, we introduce two time-dependent control measures. One control measure involves installing immune patches, while the other includes removing malware. We conducted numerical simulations to validate our theoretical results. Finally, we demonstrated numerically that an ideal control technique can effectively suppress the spread of infected nodes.