Linking Executive Pay to ESG Criteria: An Analysis of Current Practice in German Listed Firms
摘要
This study examines how executive compensation systems can incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives to support sustainable corporate behavior. It develops a conceptual framework that specifies key principles and design characteristics of ESG-linked incentives and applies this framework to the analysis of executive pay practices among HDAX-listed German firms. Using a systematic content analysis of remuneration disclosures for 2021 and 2022, the study identifies considerable heterogeneity in the structure and prevalence of ESG-related pay components. Based on these insights, a composite measure of ESG incentive quality is proposed and empirically validated. The results indicate that higher-quality ESG incentives are positively associated with firms’ ESG performance. The study contributes to the literature on executive compensation and corporate sustainability governance by advancing the conceptual understanding of ESG-linked pay and providing empirical evidence on its relevance for sustainable firm outcomes.