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<p>The synthesis of superheavy nuclei remains a critical area of research in nuclear physics, with the aim of extending the periodic table and deepening our understanding of the properties of nuclei. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in superheavy nuclei synthesis, focusing on both the experimental and theoretical developments. We discuss the primary synthesis methods, including early fusion reactions with light nuclei, cold fusion reactions using lead and bismuth targets, and hot fusion reactions involving <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1781_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{48}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>48</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Ca projectiles and actinide targets. In addition, we introduce the major experimental facilities and theoretical models currently employed worldwide. This review also summarizes the experimental plans and theoretical predictions for the synthesis&#xa0;of new superheavy elements. Furthermore, we discuss future directions, including the potential of employing heavier projectiles, radioactive beam-induced reactions, and multi-nucleon transfer reactions, which may offer new pathways for discovering unknown superheavy nuclei.</p>

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Progress on the synthesis of superheavy nuclei

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月14日

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  • Ming-Hao Zhang,
  • Zhi-Yuan Zhang,
  • Zai-Guo Gan,
  • Shan-Gui Zhou,
  • Feng-Shou Zhang

摘要

The synthesis of superheavy nuclei remains a critical area of research in nuclear physics, with the aim of extending the periodic table and deepening our understanding of the properties of nuclei. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in superheavy nuclei synthesis, focusing on both the experimental and theoretical developments. We discuss the primary synthesis methods, including early fusion reactions with light nuclei, cold fusion reactions using lead and bismuth targets, and hot fusion reactions involving \(^{48}\) 48 Ca projectiles and actinide targets. In addition, we introduce the major experimental facilities and theoretical models currently employed worldwide. This review also summarizes the experimental plans and theoretical predictions for the synthesis of new superheavy elements. Furthermore, we discuss future directions, including the potential of employing heavier projectiles, radioactive beam-induced reactions, and multi-nucleon transfer reactions, which may offer new pathways for discovering unknown superheavy nuclei.