<p>The heavy-ion accelerator facility (HIAF) under construction in China will produce various stable and intense radioactive beams with energies ranging from MeV/u to GeV/u. The ion-linac (iLinac) accelerator, which will serve as the injector for the HIAF, is a superconducting heavy-ion accelerator containing 13 cryomodules. It will operate in either continuous wave mode or pulsed mode, with a beam current ranging from 0.01 to 1 emA. The beam position monitor (BPM) is crucial for this high-beam-power machine, which requires precise beam control and a very small beam loss of less than 1 W/m, especially inside the cryomodules of this unique beam instrument. Nearly 70 BPMs will be installed on the iLinac. New digital beam position and phase measurement (DBPPM) electronics based on a heterogeneous multiprocessing platform system-on-chip (MPSoC) has been developed to provide accurate beam trajectory and phase measurements as well as beam interlocking signals for a fast machine protection system (MPS). The DBPPM comprises an analog front-end (AFE) board in field programmable gate array (FPGA) mezzanine-connector (FMC) form factor, along with a digital signal processing board housed within a 2U 19” chassis. To mitigate radio frequency (RF) leakage effects from high-power RF systems in certain scenarios, beam signals undergo simultaneous processing at both fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies. A dynamic range from <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1639_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>65 dBm to 0 dBm was established to accommodate both weak beam commissioning and high-intensity operational demands. Laboratory tests demonstrated that at input power levels exceeding <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1639_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>45 dBm, the phase resolution surpasses 0.05°, and the position resolution exceeds 5 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1639_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\upmu \textrm{m}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These results align well with the stipulated measurement requirements. Moreover, the newly developed DBPPM has self-testing and self-calibration functions that are highly helpful for the systematic evaluation of numerous electronic components and fault diagnosis equipment. In addition, the DBPPM electronics implements a 2D nonlinear polynomial correction on the FPGA and can collect accurate real-time position measurements at large beam offsets. This newly developed DBPPM electronics has been applied to several Linac machines, and the results from beam measurements show high performance, good long-term stability, and high reliability. In this paper, a detailed overview of the architecture, performance, and proof-of-principle measurement of the beams is presented.</p>

Development of heterogeneous multiprocessing digital beam position and phase monitor electronics at HIAF-iLinac

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年2月25日

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Zhi-Xue Li,
Jun-Xia Wu,
Ke-Wei Gu,
Fa-Fu Ni,
Rui-Xia Tian,
Guang-Yu Zhu,
Yong Zhang,
Shang-Shang Lu,
Li-Li Li,
Hong-Ming Xie,
Ze Du,
Xiao-Xuan Qiu,
Yuan Wei,
Long Jing,
Jia Yin,
Pei-Lin He,
Weng-Hui Li,
Hong-Fei Zhang

摘要

The heavy-ion accelerator facility (HIAF) under construction in China will produce various stable and intense radioactive beams with energies ranging from MeV/u to GeV/u. The ion-linac (iLinac) accelerator, which will serve as the injector for the HIAF, is a superconducting heavy-ion accelerator containing 13 cryomodules. It will operate in either continuous wave mode or pulsed mode, with a beam current ranging from 0.01 to 1 emA. The beam position monitor (BPM) is crucial for this high-beam-power machine, which requires precise beam control and a very small beam loss of less than 1 W/m, especially inside the cryomodules of this unique beam instrument. Nearly 70 BPMs will be installed on the iLinac. New digital beam position and phase measurement (DBPPM) electronics based on a heterogeneous multiprocessing platform system-on-chip (MPSoC) has been developed to provide accurate beam trajectory and phase measurements as well as beam interlocking signals for a fast machine protection system (MPS). The DBPPM comprises an analog front-end (AFE) board in field programmable gate array (FPGA) mezzanine-connector (FMC) form factor, along with a digital signal processing board housed within a 2U 19” chassis. To mitigate radio frequency (RF) leakage effects from high-power RF systems in certain scenarios, beam signals undergo simultaneous processing at both fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies. A dynamic range from $-$ $-$ 65 dBm to 0 dBm was established to accommodate both weak beam commissioning and high-intensity operational demands. Laboratory tests demonstrated that at input power levels exceeding $-$ $-$ 45 dBm, the phase resolution surpasses 0.05°, and the position resolution exceeds 5 $\upmu \textrm{m}$ $μ m$ . These results align well with the stipulated measurement requirements. Moreover, the newly developed DBPPM has self-testing and self-calibration functions that are highly helpful for the systematic evaluation of numerous electronic components and fault diagnosis equipment. In addition, the DBPPM electronics implements a 2D nonlinear polynomial correction on the FPGA and can collect accurate real-time position measurements at large beam offsets. This newly developed DBPPM electronics has been applied to several Linac machines, and the results from beam measurements show high performance, good long-term stability, and high reliability. In this paper, a detailed overview of the architecture, performance, and proof-of-principle measurement of the beams is presented.