<p>This paper presents the design and optimization of a lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) for the DarkSHINE experiment, which aims to identify dark photons as potential mediators of dark forces. The ECAL design was evaluated through comprehensive simulations, focusing on optimizing dimensions, material selection, energy distribution, and energy resolution. The configuration consisted of 21<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2024_1618_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times $</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>21<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2024_1618_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times $</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>11 LYSO crystals, each measuring 2.5 cm<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2024_1618_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times $</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>2.5 cm<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2024_1618_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times $</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4 cm, arranged in a staggered layout to enhance signal detection efficiency. A 4 GeV energy dynamic range was established to ensure accurate energy measurements without saturation, which is essential for background rejection and signal identification. A detailed digitization model was developed to simulate scintillation, silicon photomultiplier, and analog-to-digital converter behaviors, providing a realistic representation of the detector’s performance. Additionally, the study assessed radiation damage in the ECAL region, emphasizing the importance of using radiation-resistant scintillators and silicon sensors.</p>

Design of a LYSO crystal electromagnetic calorimeter for dark photon detection in the DarkSHINE experiment

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发表日期：

2025年1月28日

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Zhi-Yu Zhao,
Qi-Bin Liu,
Ji-Yuan Chen,
Jing Chen,
Jun-Feng Chen,
Xiang Chen,
Chang-Bo Fu,
Jun Guo,
Kim Siang Khaw,
Liang Li,
Shu Li,
Dan-Ning Liu,
Kun Liu,
Si-Yuan Song,
Tong Sun,
Jian-Nan Tang,
Yu-Feng Wang,
Zhen Wang,
Wei-Hao Wu,
Hai-Jun Yang,
Yu-Ming Lin,
Rui Yuan,
Yu-Lei Zhang,
Yun-Long Zhang,
Bai-Hong Zhou,
Xu-Liang Zhu,
Yi-Fan Zhu

摘要

This paper presents the design and optimization of a lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) for the DarkSHINE experiment, which aims to identify dark photons as potential mediators of dark forces. The ECAL design was evaluated through comprehensive simulations, focusing on optimizing dimensions, material selection, energy distribution, and energy resolution. The configuration consisted of 21 $\times $ $\times$ 21 $\times $ $\times$ 11 LYSO crystals, each measuring 2.5 cm $\times $ $\times$ 2.5 cm $\times $ $\times$ 4 cm, arranged in a staggered layout to enhance signal detection efficiency. A 4 GeV energy dynamic range was established to ensure accurate energy measurements without saturation, which is essential for background rejection and signal identification. A detailed digitization model was developed to simulate scintillation, silicon photomultiplier, and analog-to-digital converter behaviors, providing a realistic representation of the detector’s performance. Additionally, the study assessed radiation damage in the ECAL region, emphasizing the importance of using radiation-resistant scintillators and silicon sensors.