Systematic study of the synthesis of heavy and superheavy nuclei in ⁴⁸Ca-induced fusion-evaporation reactions

We systematically studied the evaporation residue cross sections of \(^{48}\hbox {Ca}\) $_{}^{48}\text{Ca}$ -induced reactions on lanthanide and actinide target nuclei under the Dinuclear System (DNS) model framework to check the reliability and applicability of the model. To produce new proton-rich Fl and Lv isotopes through hot fusion reactions in the superheavy element region with \(Z\ge 104\) $Z\ge 104$ , we utilized the reactions \(^{48}\hbox {Ca}+^{236,238,239}\hbox {Pu}\) $_{}^{48}\text{Ca}+_{}^{236,238,239}\text{Pu}$ and \(^{48}\hbox {Ca}+^{242,243,244,250}\hbox {Cm}\) $_{}^{48}\text{Ca}+_{}^{242,243,244,250}\text{Cm}$ . However, owing to the detection limit of available equipment (0.1 pb), only \(^{283}\hbox {Fl}\) $_{}^{283}\text{Fl}$ and \(^{287-289}\hbox {Lv}\) $_{}^{287-289}\text{Lv}$ , which have the maximum evaporation residue cross section values of 0.149, 0.130, 9.522, and 0.309 pb, respectively, can be produced. Furthermore, to produce neutron-deficient isotopes of actinides near the proton drip line with \(Z=93-100\) $Z=93-100$ , we attempted to generate the new isotopes ( \(^{224-227}\hbox {Pu}\) $_{}^{224-227}\text{Pu}$ , \(^{228-232,237}\hbox {Cm}\) $_{}^{228-232,237}\text{Cm}$ ) using the reactions \(^{48}\hbox {Ca}+^{180, 182, 183}\hbox {W}\) $_{}^{48}\text{Ca}+_{}^{180,182,183}\text{W}$ and \(^{48}\hbox {Ca}+^{184, 186, 187, 192}\hbox {Os}\) $_{}^{48}\text{Ca}+_{}^{184,186,187,192}\text{Os}$ . The maximum evaporation residue cross section values are 0.07, 0.06, 0.26, and 0.30 nb for the former set of reactions, and 1.96 pb, 5.73 pb, 12.16 pb, 19.39 pb, 54.79 pb, and 6.45 nb for the latter, respectively. These results are expected to provide new information for the future synthesis of unknown neutron-deficient isotopes.