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<p>Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) leaf spot caused by <i>Alternaria</i> species reduces marketable yield and is commonly managed using fungicides, yet chemical control is increasingly constrained by environmental concerns and resistance risk. This study evaluated an integrated biocontrol strategy using bio-seed pelleting and foliar application of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 168-2. Lettuce seeds were bio-pelleted with calcium sulfate and carboxymethyl cellulose as carrier materials and <i>B. subtilis</i> 168-2 at different concentrations. The optimized formulation (SeedBio 3; 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹) produced high-quality pellets with 95% germination and low friability (0.42%). In greenhouse trials, SeedBio 3 combined with weekly foliar sprays of <i>B. subtilis</i> 168-2 reduced disease severity by 47.3% relative to the untreated control, approaching mancozeb chemical reference treatments (50.1–52.2%). The biological treatment also enhanced plant growth, increasing fresh weight (86.56&#xa0;g plant⁻¹), dry weight (8.93 g plant⁻¹), and plant height (30&#xa0;cm). Defense-associated responses were consistent with a possible induced-resistance component, with early increases in salicylic acid (77.40%), superoxide dismutase activity (61.16%), and indole-3-acetic acid (34.02%) after inoculation. Synchrotron FT-IR microspectroscopy revealed treatment-dependent biochemical shifts, including higher pectin- and protein-associated regions. Overall, this integrated approach provides a promising reduced-risk option for lettuce leaf spot management with added growth benefits.</p>

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Integrated seed pelleting and foliar application of Bacillus subtilis for control of Alternaria leaf spot in lettuce

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Kodchaphon Tonpho,
  • Piyanath Pagamas,
  • Nguyen Huy Hoang,
  • Rungthip Sangpueak,
  • Chanon Saengchan,
  • Supatcharee Cael,
  • Kanjana Thumanu,
  • Kumrai Buensanteai

摘要

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaf spot caused by Alternaria species reduces marketable yield and is commonly managed using fungicides, yet chemical control is increasingly constrained by environmental concerns and resistance risk. This study evaluated an integrated biocontrol strategy using bio-seed pelleting and foliar application of Bacillus subtilis 168-2. Lettuce seeds were bio-pelleted with calcium sulfate and carboxymethyl cellulose as carrier materials and B. subtilis 168-2 at different concentrations. The optimized formulation (SeedBio 3; 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹) produced high-quality pellets with 95% germination and low friability (0.42%). In greenhouse trials, SeedBio 3 combined with weekly foliar sprays of B. subtilis 168-2 reduced disease severity by 47.3% relative to the untreated control, approaching mancozeb chemical reference treatments (50.1–52.2%). The biological treatment also enhanced plant growth, increasing fresh weight (86.56 g plant⁻¹), dry weight (8.93 g plant⁻¹), and plant height (30 cm). Defense-associated responses were consistent with a possible induced-resistance component, with early increases in salicylic acid (77.40%), superoxide dismutase activity (61.16%), and indole-3-acetic acid (34.02%) after inoculation. Synchrotron FT-IR microspectroscopy revealed treatment-dependent biochemical shifts, including higher pectin- and protein-associated regions. Overall, this integrated approach provides a promising reduced-risk option for lettuce leaf spot management with added growth benefits.