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<p>The fall armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly destructive invasive pest that causes severe yield losses worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, raising concerns about resistance development and environmental safety. Therefore, exploring plant-derived bioactive compounds represents a promising strategy for sustainable pest management. In this context, this study investigated the larvicidal activity of eight terpenes commonly found in essential oils (EOs) against <i>S. frugiperda.</i> In addition, their interactions in binary terpene–terpene and terpene–synthetic pesticide mixtures were evaluated to assess potential synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects. Acute toxicity of the tested compounds was assessed on third-instar of <i>S. frugiperda</i> larvae through topical application of graded doses (2.5–360&#xa0;µg/larva), with acetone as the control and synthetic pyrethroid insecticide Deltamethrin, as the positive control. Among the eight tested terpenes, seven showed larvicidal activity against <i>S. frugiperda</i>. Borneol, camphor, and verbenol were the most potent, with LD<sub>50</sub> values of 4.304, 5.206, and 6,844&#xa0;µg/larva, respectively, close to that of Deltamethrin (6,688&#xa0;µg/larva), while terpinen-4-ol showed moderate toxicity and viridiflorol was the weakest. γ-cadinene was largely inactive, whereas camphene and germacrene D displayed initial activity but required much higher doses to achieve higher mortality levels. At sublethal doses (LD₂₅), binary terpene mixtures against <i>S. frugiperda</i> larvae produced diverse outcomes, with twenty-one showing synergism, four additive, and three antagonistic interactions. The strongest synergy was observed for borneol + camphor (92.8% mortality, χ² = 3152), followed by camphor + germacrene D, viridiflorol + γ-cadinene, and borneol + terpinen-4-ol. Likewise, combinations of Deltamethrin with terpenes revealed strong synergistic effects, particularly with borneol (98.3% mortality), camphor, terpinen-4-ol, verbenol, and viridiflorol, while germacrene D, γ-cadinene, and camphene produced only additive responses. These results emphasize the promise of terpene-derived compounds as alternatives to synthetic insecticides, offering a pathway to lessen ecological risks while supporting environmentally friendly crop protection practices.</p>

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Sustainable pest control: assessing binary terpene combinations and pyrethroid synergy in Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Salih Chibani,
  • Meriem Boukabache,
  • Mehmet Emin Duru

摘要

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly destructive invasive pest that causes severe yield losses worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, raising concerns about resistance development and environmental safety. Therefore, exploring plant-derived bioactive compounds represents a promising strategy for sustainable pest management. In this context, this study investigated the larvicidal activity of eight terpenes commonly found in essential oils (EOs) against S. frugiperda. In addition, their interactions in binary terpene–terpene and terpene–synthetic pesticide mixtures were evaluated to assess potential synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects. Acute toxicity of the tested compounds was assessed on third-instar of S. frugiperda larvae through topical application of graded doses (2.5–360 µg/larva), with acetone as the control and synthetic pyrethroid insecticide Deltamethrin, as the positive control. Among the eight tested terpenes, seven showed larvicidal activity against S. frugiperda. Borneol, camphor, and verbenol were the most potent, with LD50 values of 4.304, 5.206, and 6,844 µg/larva, respectively, close to that of Deltamethrin (6,688 µg/larva), while terpinen-4-ol showed moderate toxicity and viridiflorol was the weakest. γ-cadinene was largely inactive, whereas camphene and germacrene D displayed initial activity but required much higher doses to achieve higher mortality levels. At sublethal doses (LD₂₅), binary terpene mixtures against S. frugiperda larvae produced diverse outcomes, with twenty-one showing synergism, four additive, and three antagonistic interactions. The strongest synergy was observed for borneol + camphor (92.8% mortality, χ² = 3152), followed by camphor + germacrene D, viridiflorol + γ-cadinene, and borneol + terpinen-4-ol. Likewise, combinations of Deltamethrin with terpenes revealed strong synergistic effects, particularly with borneol (98.3% mortality), camphor, terpinen-4-ol, verbenol, and viridiflorol, while germacrene D, γ-cadinene, and camphene produced only additive responses. These results emphasize the promise of terpene-derived compounds as alternatives to synthetic insecticides, offering a pathway to lessen ecological risks while supporting environmentally friendly crop protection practices.