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<p>Endophytic colonization by <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> has gained much attention recently as a promising biocontrol agent to control insect pests. We determined the effects of endophytic colonization by <i>M. anisopliae</i> on maize plants at various growth stages (V1 = one-leaf stage and V3 = three-leaf stage) and its impact on fall armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) performance. At V1 stage, the height of treated plants was significantly higher in the first 2 weeks compared to the control plants. At V3 stage, treated plants exhibited increased height in weeks 3 and 4. Treated plants showed the greater number of leaves at the V1 stage. Leaf length was higher in treated plants than in the control group after week 4. In addition, at the V1 stage, leaf width increased significantly in treated plants. In terms of pest suppression, <i>M. anisopliae</i> endophytism negatively impacted <i>S. frugiperda</i> performance. The development period of larvae was prolonged when they fed on treated plants (11.9 days) compared to those fed on control plants (9.86 days). Reduced weight of larvae (47.1&#xa0;mg in treated and. 67.7&#xa0;mg in control) and a higher mortality rate (66.7% in the treated plants and 10.0% in the control) was recorded. The pupal development was delayed, and the weight of pupae was also reduced when the larval stage fed on the treated leaves. Similarly, the pupal formation rate was also reduced in the treated group. Our findings highlight that <i>M. anisopliae</i> not only promotes the plant growth by endophytic colonization but also offers a biocontrol solution for <i>S. frugiperda</i>.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Stage-specific endophytic colonization of maize by Metarhizium anisopliae (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales): effects on Spodoptera Frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fitness and plant growth

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Muhammad Adnan,
  • Muhammad Irfan Ullah,
  • Muhammad Arshad,
  • Emaan Sajid,
  • Lamya Ahmed Alkeridis,
  • Laila A. Al-Shuraym,
  • Ohud Muslat Aharthy,
  • Seham Sater Alhelaify,
  • Hosny Kesba,
  • Samy Sayed

摘要

Endophytic colonization by Metarhizium anisopliae has gained much attention recently as a promising biocontrol agent to control insect pests. We determined the effects of endophytic colonization by M. anisopliae on maize plants at various growth stages (V1 = one-leaf stage and V3 = three-leaf stage) and its impact on fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) performance. At V1 stage, the height of treated plants was significantly higher in the first 2 weeks compared to the control plants. At V3 stage, treated plants exhibited increased height in weeks 3 and 4. Treated plants showed the greater number of leaves at the V1 stage. Leaf length was higher in treated plants than in the control group after week 4. In addition, at the V1 stage, leaf width increased significantly in treated plants. In terms of pest suppression, M. anisopliae endophytism negatively impacted S. frugiperda performance. The development period of larvae was prolonged when they fed on treated plants (11.9 days) compared to those fed on control plants (9.86 days). Reduced weight of larvae (47.1 mg in treated and. 67.7 mg in control) and a higher mortality rate (66.7% in the treated plants and 10.0% in the control) was recorded. The pupal development was delayed, and the weight of pupae was also reduced when the larval stage fed on the treated leaves. Similarly, the pupal formation rate was also reduced in the treated group. Our findings highlight that M. anisopliae not only promotes the plant growth by endophytic colonization but also offers a biocontrol solution for S. frugiperda.

Graphical abstract