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<p>Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>phaseoli</i>, is a major constraint to common bean production worldwide, resulting in significant yield and economic losses. This study evaluated the dual role of propolis extracts in suppressing <i>X. campestris</i> pv. <i>phaseoli</i> and enhancing host defense responses in bean plants under greenhouse conditions. Propolis application significantly reduced disease severity to 20% at 12 days post inoculation (dpi) compared with 30% in the infected control. Concurrently, propolis-treated plants exhibited enhanced accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins at 48&#xa0;h post inoculation (hpi), particularly chitinases (1.4 U µg<sup>-1</sup> protein) and <i>β</i>-1,3-glucanases (1.1 U µg<sup>-1</sup> protein), indicating strengthened basal defense. A pronounced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities was observed at 48 hpi, including peroxidase (2.97 U mg<sup>-1</sup> protein), catalase (17.34 U mg<sup>-1</sup> protein), superoxide dismutase (17.06 U mg<sup>-1</sup> protein), and ascorbate peroxidase (20.4 U mg<sup>-1</sup> protein), correlating with reduced disease progression. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed substantial fold changes in the expression of multiple defense-related genes in propolis-treated plants. Propolis application also significantly enhanced total phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoid contents, further reinforcing plant defense mechanisms. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4&#xa0;H-chromen-4-one (39.82%) and (S)-naringenin (12.54%) as the dominant bioactive constituents, likely responsible for pathogen suppression and activation of systemic acquired resistance. Overall, propolis effectively enhances plant immunity and reduces CBB severity, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemical bactericides. Future research focusing on optimized application strategies, interactions with biocontrol agents, and large-scale field validation will facilitate its practical implementation in sustainable bean cultivation.</p>

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Impact of organic bio-stimulant on bacterial blight of beans: mechanism of pathogenesis-related proteins and defense system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Munirah F. Aldayel,
  • Muhammad Imran,
  • Nashwa M. A. Sallam,
  • Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr

摘要

Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, is a major constraint to common bean production worldwide, resulting in significant yield and economic losses. This study evaluated the dual role of propolis extracts in suppressing X. campestris pv. phaseoli and enhancing host defense responses in bean plants under greenhouse conditions. Propolis application significantly reduced disease severity to 20% at 12 days post inoculation (dpi) compared with 30% in the infected control. Concurrently, propolis-treated plants exhibited enhanced accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins at 48 h post inoculation (hpi), particularly chitinases (1.4 U µg-1 protein) and β-1,3-glucanases (1.1 U µg-1 protein), indicating strengthened basal defense. A pronounced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities was observed at 48 hpi, including peroxidase (2.97 U mg-1 protein), catalase (17.34 U mg-1 protein), superoxide dismutase (17.06 U mg-1 protein), and ascorbate peroxidase (20.4 U mg-1 protein), correlating with reduced disease progression. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed substantial fold changes in the expression of multiple defense-related genes in propolis-treated plants. Propolis application also significantly enhanced total phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoid contents, further reinforcing plant defense mechanisms. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-chromen-4-one (39.82%) and (S)-naringenin (12.54%) as the dominant bioactive constituents, likely responsible for pathogen suppression and activation of systemic acquired resistance. Overall, propolis effectively enhances plant immunity and reduces CBB severity, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemical bactericides. Future research focusing on optimized application strategies, interactions with biocontrol agents, and large-scale field validation will facilitate its practical implementation in sustainable bean cultivation.