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<p>Botanical pesticides, derived from plant secondary metabolites such as phenols, terpenes, alkaloids, lignans, and glycosides, provide sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides in pest management. Their diverse mechanisms include repellency, antifeedant effects, insecticidal activity, growth regulation, and synergistic enhancement with other agents. For example, essential oils from neem (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>) effectively repel cassava whitefly (<i>Bemisia tabaci</i>) and reduce feeding. At the same time, plant extracts enriched with silver nanoparticles suppress key digestive and detoxifying enzymes in <i>Phenacoccus solenopsis</i>, decreasing survival and fitness. Repellents interfere with pest olfactory and gustatory perception, preventing host location and feeding, while antifeedants like cucurbitacins and quassinoids disrupt chemosensory pathways to inhibit feeding behavior. Insecticidal botanicals impair digestion, nutrient assimilation, and detoxification enzymes, whereas growth-regulating compounds interfere with hormonal control, leading to reduced fecundity and developmental deformities. Synergistic combinations, such as alkaloids with essential oils, further boost efficacy and reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides. Despite their potential, the widespread use of botanicals faces limitations due to variability in active compound content caused by genetic and environmental factors, lack of standardized extraction and formulation methods, instability under field conditions, and strict regulatory standards. Emerging solutions include micro- and nanoencapsulation, controlled-release delivery systems, and biotechnological approaches to enhance metabolite production and stability. Future efforts should focus on discovering new pesticidal plants, advancing formulation technologies, elucidating mechanisms of action, evaluating ecological safety, and harmonizing global regulatory frameworks. Overcoming these challenges will enable botanical pesticides to become integral to integrated pest management (IPM), reducing reliance on chemical pesticides, delaying resistance development, and fostering safer, more sustainable agricultural practices.</p>

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Botanical pesticides: exploring successes, challenges, and future directions in sustainable pest management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Talapala Saikumar,
  • Sake Manideep,
  • Amit Umesh Paschapur,
  • D. Thrilekha

摘要

Botanical pesticides, derived from plant secondary metabolites such as phenols, terpenes, alkaloids, lignans, and glycosides, provide sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides in pest management. Their diverse mechanisms include repellency, antifeedant effects, insecticidal activity, growth regulation, and synergistic enhancement with other agents. For example, essential oils from neem (Azadirachta indica) effectively repel cassava whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and reduce feeding. At the same time, plant extracts enriched with silver nanoparticles suppress key digestive and detoxifying enzymes in Phenacoccus solenopsis, decreasing survival and fitness. Repellents interfere with pest olfactory and gustatory perception, preventing host location and feeding, while antifeedants like cucurbitacins and quassinoids disrupt chemosensory pathways to inhibit feeding behavior. Insecticidal botanicals impair digestion, nutrient assimilation, and detoxification enzymes, whereas growth-regulating compounds interfere with hormonal control, leading to reduced fecundity and developmental deformities. Synergistic combinations, such as alkaloids with essential oils, further boost efficacy and reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides. Despite their potential, the widespread use of botanicals faces limitations due to variability in active compound content caused by genetic and environmental factors, lack of standardized extraction and formulation methods, instability under field conditions, and strict regulatory standards. Emerging solutions include micro- and nanoencapsulation, controlled-release delivery systems, and biotechnological approaches to enhance metabolite production and stability. Future efforts should focus on discovering new pesticidal plants, advancing formulation technologies, elucidating mechanisms of action, evaluating ecological safety, and harmonizing global regulatory frameworks. Overcoming these challenges will enable botanical pesticides to become integral to integrated pest management (IPM), reducing reliance on chemical pesticides, delaying resistance development, and fostering safer, more sustainable agricultural practices.