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<p>Sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> L.) is the world’s fourth most grown cereal crop, after maize, wheat, and rice. Thirty-eight endophytic fungi isolated from <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> were screened for cuticle-degrading enzyme production targeting <i>Agrotis ipsilon</i>. <i>Penicillium</i> sp. SAUDI-F26 showed the highest enzymatic activity when cultivated in peanut oil cakes during solid-state fermentation. To optimize insecticidal metabolite production, the fungus was grown on various agroindustrial and crustacean-shell residues. A 1:1 mixture of shrimp shells and almond oil cake yielded the highest levels of cuticle-degrading enzymes, including exo-β-1,4-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-1,4-glucosidase, 1,6-β-glucanase, exo-β-1,3-glucanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase, exochitinase, and endochitinase (540, 820, 940, 90, 1000, 1070, 1510, and 1300 U/g dry substrate), respectively. The fermented medium composed of shrimp shells and almond oil cake gave the maximum yields of lipase, chitosanase, amylase, protease, xylanase, and superoxide dismutase (520, 260, 260, 1020, 1490, and 470 U/g dry substrate, respectively). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified 48 compounds in the fungal extracts. Of these, 22 (45.833%) were insecticides. Astaxanthin, also found, is an antioxidant. Bioassays showed that a combined formulation of enzymatic and chemical fungal metabolites significantly impaired <i>A. ipsilon</i> development, reduced survival, impaired fecundity, and limited adult emergence, while increasing developmental malformations. These findings highlight the potential of <i>Penicillium</i> sp. SAUDI-F26 as a biocontrol agent and support its application in integrated pest management strategies.</p>

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Cost-effective biopesticide production from agro-industrial and shell wastes using endophytic Penicillium sp. SAUDI-F26 for the management of Agrotis ipsilon

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Maha S. Alazemi,
  • Najla A. Alshaikh,
  • Steven L. Stephenson,
  • Fuad Ameen

摘要

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is the world’s fourth most grown cereal crop, after maize, wheat, and rice. Thirty-eight endophytic fungi isolated from Sorghum bicolor were screened for cuticle-degrading enzyme production targeting Agrotis ipsilon. Penicillium sp. SAUDI-F26 showed the highest enzymatic activity when cultivated in peanut oil cakes during solid-state fermentation. To optimize insecticidal metabolite production, the fungus was grown on various agroindustrial and crustacean-shell residues. A 1:1 mixture of shrimp shells and almond oil cake yielded the highest levels of cuticle-degrading enzymes, including exo-β-1,4-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-1,4-glucosidase, 1,6-β-glucanase, exo-β-1,3-glucanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase, exochitinase, and endochitinase (540, 820, 940, 90, 1000, 1070, 1510, and 1300 U/g dry substrate), respectively. The fermented medium composed of shrimp shells and almond oil cake gave the maximum yields of lipase, chitosanase, amylase, protease, xylanase, and superoxide dismutase (520, 260, 260, 1020, 1490, and 470 U/g dry substrate, respectively). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified 48 compounds in the fungal extracts. Of these, 22 (45.833%) were insecticides. Astaxanthin, also found, is an antioxidant. Bioassays showed that a combined formulation of enzymatic and chemical fungal metabolites significantly impaired A. ipsilon development, reduced survival, impaired fecundity, and limited adult emergence, while increasing developmental malformations. These findings highlight the potential of Penicillium sp. SAUDI-F26 as a biocontrol agent and support its application in integrated pest management strategies.