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<p>Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>) is a cornerstone of global agriculture, valued both as a staple food and a vital cash crop. This study explored the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by three macro basidiomycetous fungi, <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, <i>Lentinus edodes</i> and <i>Schizophyllum commune</i> to control <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>. Crude extracts from these macrofungi were evaluated for their nematicidal potential using in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. In vitro study revealed that the crude metabolites of <i>L. edodes</i> (2000&#xa0;ppm) exhibited the highest efficacy, significantly reducing egg hatching of <i>M. incognita</i> by 77.9% and juvenile mortality by 85% followed by <i>G. lucidum</i> and <i>S. commune</i>. In pot experiment, crude metabolites of <i>L. edodes</i> led to a 76.6% reduction in nematode populations compared to the control, along with enhanced plant growth parameters. The microplot experiment also demonstrated a significant reduction in the <i>M. incognita</i> population in both soil (81 J<sub>2</sub>/200&#xa0;cc soil) and roots (20 adult females) treated with <i>L. edodes</i>. GC–MS profiling identified several VOCs emitted by the fungi. Among these, the antimicrobial compounds Dibutyl phthalate, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, Oleic Acid, Falcarinol, and Linoleic acid ethyl ester were docked in silico with the endoglucanase of <i>M. incognita</i>. Based on the computed binding energy, 2,4-DTBP showed the strongest interaction with the nematode’s endoglucanase receptor (−&#xa0;9.0&#xa0;kcal/mol). Furthermore, the compound 2,4-DTBP exhibited 97.4% J<sub>2</sub> mortality in vitro. Thus, the molecular docking study provided valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying nematicidal activity, paving the way for the development of innovative and efficient nematode control techniques.</p>

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Nematicidal investigation of crude extracts of macro basidiomycetous fungi against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita through in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • M. Themuhi,
  • A. Shanthi,
  • K. Sankari Meena,
  • B. Rajeshwaran,
  • N. Swarnakumari,
  • Debanand Das

摘要

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a cornerstone of global agriculture, valued both as a staple food and a vital cash crop. This study explored the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by three macro basidiomycetous fungi, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Schizophyllum commune to control Meloidogyne incognita. Crude extracts from these macrofungi were evaluated for their nematicidal potential using in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. In vitro study revealed that the crude metabolites of L. edodes (2000 ppm) exhibited the highest efficacy, significantly reducing egg hatching of M. incognita by 77.9% and juvenile mortality by 85% followed by G. lucidum and S. commune. In pot experiment, crude metabolites of L. edodes led to a 76.6% reduction in nematode populations compared to the control, along with enhanced plant growth parameters. The microplot experiment also demonstrated a significant reduction in the M. incognita population in both soil (81 J2/200 cc soil) and roots (20 adult females) treated with L. edodes. GC–MS profiling identified several VOCs emitted by the fungi. Among these, the antimicrobial compounds Dibutyl phthalate, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, Oleic Acid, Falcarinol, and Linoleic acid ethyl ester were docked in silico with the endoglucanase of M. incognita. Based on the computed binding energy, 2,4-DTBP showed the strongest interaction with the nematode’s endoglucanase receptor (− 9.0 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the compound 2,4-DTBP exhibited 97.4% J2 mortality in vitro. Thus, the molecular docking study provided valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying nematicidal activity, paving the way for the development of innovative and efficient nematode control techniques.