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<p>Microalgae have recently gained significant attention from researchers worldwide for their diverse applications in industries. Since they are cost-effective to cultivate, help to reduce atmospheric CO₂ levels, used as a primary food source for fish and shellfish larvae, contribute to biofuel production, generate valuable secondary metabolites, and used for bioremediation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals present in the natural environment can significantly disrupt the physiological processes of marine microalgae. These pollutants can impair growth, hinder photosynthesis, compromise cell membrane integrity, and disrupt overall metabolism, often leading to reduced biomass production and potentially destabilizing the entire marine food web. This study is focused on the influence of single and combined toxicity of Phe (Phenanthrene) and Cu (Copper) with environmental and nutritional manipulation on the growth, lipid, and PUFA production potential of the indigenous marine microalgae viz., <i>N. salina</i> and <i>N. clavata</i> originally isolated from Gulf of Mannar coastal waters. Acute toxicity tests showed EC50 values for Phe and Cu at 96&#xa0;h as 0.8&#xa0;mg/l, 1.05&#xa0;mg/l for <i>N. salina</i> and 0.46&#xa0;mg/l, 0.75&#xa0;mg/l for <i>N. clavata</i>. Lipid content increased significantly, reaching 45.24 ± 1.8% at high Phe concentration. Maximum lipid content (47.81 ± 2.86%) occurred with the Phe(L) + Cu(L) combination in <i>N. salina</i>. Combined toxicity reduced growth and PUFA production, with the order of impact: Phe(H) + Cu(H) &gt; Phe(L) + Cu(H) &gt; Phe(H) + Cu(L) &gt; Phe(L) + Cu(L). Dark treatment significantly enhanced lipid and EPA production, with the highest values observed after 3&#xa0;days: 40.4 ± 0.8% lipids and 30.43 ± 1.52% EPA in <i>N. salina</i>. The synergistic effect of Cu and Phe causes a significant decrease in growth and PUFA production in both species tested. Toxicity studies on microalgae reveal critical insights into their vulnerability to pollutants, their ecological importance, and the necessity for ongoing research to mitigate environmental impacts. This study may help to establish baseline seawater quality standards for Phe in Indian coastal waters.</p>

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Single and Combined Toxicity of Phenanthrene and Copper on Growth, Lipid Content, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production in Indigenous Marine Microalgae from Southeastern India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月2日

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  • K. Parkavi,
  • V. Rani,
  • M. J. Thamarai Selvi,
  • F. Parthiban,
  • P. Padmavathy,
  • Rishikesh Venkatrao Kadam

摘要

Microalgae have recently gained significant attention from researchers worldwide for their diverse applications in industries. Since they are cost-effective to cultivate, help to reduce atmospheric CO₂ levels, used as a primary food source for fish and shellfish larvae, contribute to biofuel production, generate valuable secondary metabolites, and used for bioremediation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals present in the natural environment can significantly disrupt the physiological processes of marine microalgae. These pollutants can impair growth, hinder photosynthesis, compromise cell membrane integrity, and disrupt overall metabolism, often leading to reduced biomass production and potentially destabilizing the entire marine food web. This study is focused on the influence of single and combined toxicity of Phe (Phenanthrene) and Cu (Copper) with environmental and nutritional manipulation on the growth, lipid, and PUFA production potential of the indigenous marine microalgae viz., N. salina and N. clavata originally isolated from Gulf of Mannar coastal waters. Acute toxicity tests showed EC50 values for Phe and Cu at 96 h as 0.8 mg/l, 1.05 mg/l for N. salina and 0.46 mg/l, 0.75 mg/l for N. clavata. Lipid content increased significantly, reaching 45.24 ± 1.8% at high Phe concentration. Maximum lipid content (47.81 ± 2.86%) occurred with the Phe(L) + Cu(L) combination in N. salina. Combined toxicity reduced growth and PUFA production, with the order of impact: Phe(H) + Cu(H) > Phe(L) + Cu(H) > Phe(H) + Cu(L) > Phe(L) + Cu(L). Dark treatment significantly enhanced lipid and EPA production, with the highest values observed after 3 days: 40.4 ± 0.8% lipids and 30.43 ± 1.52% EPA in N. salina. The synergistic effect of Cu and Phe causes a significant decrease in growth and PUFA production in both species tested. Toxicity studies on microalgae reveal critical insights into their vulnerability to pollutants, their ecological importance, and the necessity for ongoing research to mitigate environmental impacts. This study may help to establish baseline seawater quality standards for Phe in Indian coastal waters.