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<p>Groundwater quality and health risks were assessed in Wadi Dara, an arid basin in Egypt’s Eastern Desert, using integrated hydrogeochemical analysis, machine learning, remote sensing, and risk modeling. Twelve groundwater samples collected in November 2024 revealed severe quality degradation, with salinity and hardness substantially exceeding WHO drinking water standards. Major ion chemistry indicates mixed contamination from evaporation, seawater intrusion, and mineral dissolution, with SO₄·Cl–Ca·Mg hydrochemical facies predominating. Critical public health concerns arise from bromide and bromate contamination, with concentrations far exceeding WHO guidelines. Machine learning models successfully identified high-risk zones based on hydrochemical thresholds. Health risk assessment demonstrates unacceptable non-carcinogenic hazards for all population groups, particularly infants, alongside elevated lifetime carcinogenic risks. Agricultural suitability is severely limited by high salinity. Remote sensing confirms seawater intrusion vulnerability in coastal areas. Results conclusively show that Wadi Dara groundwater is unsuitable for drinking and severely restricted for irrigation without treatment. Immediate implementation of desalination technologies, pollution source control, and sustainable groundwater management strategies is essential to protect water security and public health in this water-stressed arid region.</p>

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Integrating hydrogeochemistry, machine learning, and remote sensing for groundwater quality and health risk assessment in Wadi Dara, Egypt

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Ahmed A. Asmoay

摘要

Groundwater quality and health risks were assessed in Wadi Dara, an arid basin in Egypt’s Eastern Desert, using integrated hydrogeochemical analysis, machine learning, remote sensing, and risk modeling. Twelve groundwater samples collected in November 2024 revealed severe quality degradation, with salinity and hardness substantially exceeding WHO drinking water standards. Major ion chemistry indicates mixed contamination from evaporation, seawater intrusion, and mineral dissolution, with SO₄·Cl–Ca·Mg hydrochemical facies predominating. Critical public health concerns arise from bromide and bromate contamination, with concentrations far exceeding WHO guidelines. Machine learning models successfully identified high-risk zones based on hydrochemical thresholds. Health risk assessment demonstrates unacceptable non-carcinogenic hazards for all population groups, particularly infants, alongside elevated lifetime carcinogenic risks. Agricultural suitability is severely limited by high salinity. Remote sensing confirms seawater intrusion vulnerability in coastal areas. Results conclusively show that Wadi Dara groundwater is unsuitable for drinking and severely restricted for irrigation without treatment. Immediate implementation of desalination technologies, pollution source control, and sustainable groundwater management strategies is essential to protect water security and public health in this water-stressed arid region.