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<p><i>Pinus halepensis</i> is an excellent medicinal plant that can remedy many health problems. The present study aimed to investigate antioxidants in two seasons (spring and summer) and the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of ethanolic extracts (EEs) of three provenances: Affra and Oum Jedour (Tunisian provenances), and Guargano (Italian provenance). In August, the ethanolic extract of Guargano provenance was the most important and highest source of phenolic compounds (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Likewise, this EE exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity values in both seasons at <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05. Similarly, the antibacterial potential of these EE was evaluated against human clinical pathogenic bacteria and selected <i>Candida</i> strains. EEs suppressed bacterial proliferation by creating concentration-dependent spheres of inhibition. Thus, the Guargano provenance (March and August) was more potent against all tested bacterial strains and <i>Candida sake</i>. However, the Oum Jedour ethanolic extract was the most effective against <i>Candida albicans</i>. Moreover, Affra extract reduced blue rot disease in <i>Citrus</i> fruit by 60.58%. Our research has emphasized the potential of natural plant extracts as safe antibacterial solutions for use in food applications and paved the way for understanding their mechanisms of action.</p>

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Seasonal variation in antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of ethanolic extracts from Pinus halepensis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Khaoula Nefzi,
  • Sondes Fkiri,
  • Rihem Djebal,
  • Badiaa Essghaier,
  • Kamel Msaada,
  • Sarra Dakhlaoui,
  • Hanen Ghazghazi

摘要

Pinus halepensis is an excellent medicinal plant that can remedy many health problems. The present study aimed to investigate antioxidants in two seasons (spring and summer) and the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of ethanolic extracts (EEs) of three provenances: Affra and Oum Jedour (Tunisian provenances), and Guargano (Italian provenance). In August, the ethanolic extract of Guargano provenance was the most important and highest source of phenolic compounds (P < 0.05). Likewise, this EE exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity values in both seasons at P < 0.05. Similarly, the antibacterial potential of these EE was evaluated against human clinical pathogenic bacteria and selected Candida strains. EEs suppressed bacterial proliferation by creating concentration-dependent spheres of inhibition. Thus, the Guargano provenance (March and August) was more potent against all tested bacterial strains and Candida sake. However, the Oum Jedour ethanolic extract was the most effective against Candida albicans. Moreover, Affra extract reduced blue rot disease in Citrus fruit by 60.58%. Our research has emphasized the potential of natural plant extracts as safe antibacterial solutions for use in food applications and paved the way for understanding their mechanisms of action.