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<p>The co-contamination of food and feed by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and cadmium (Cd) presents a growing health and environmental risk, particularly in regions where agro-climatic conditions and industrial pollution exacerbate their occurrence. This underscores the need for effective mitigation strategies. This study evaluates the in vitro adsorption efficiency of four clay-based adsorbents: hectorite, natural and synthetic kaolinite, and brucite [Mg(OH)₂], for removing AFB1 and Cd, individually and in combination. Adsorption was quantified using HPLC-FLD for AFB1 and AAS for Cd. Clay–contaminant interactions were characterized by FTIR and XRD. SEM–EDS analyses of clays supported the proposed adsorption mechanisms by revealing their surface morphology and elemental composition. Adsorption efficiency was dose-dependent. In single-contaminant systems, AFB1 removal reached 95.83% with brucite and 95.37% with hectorite (20&#xa0;mg clay, 5&#xa0;mg/L AFB1), while Cd removal peaked at 90.93% with brucite. In binary systems, hectorite showed the highest AFB1 removal (98.22%), followed by natural (90.38%) and synthetic kaolinite (80.39%), while brucite’s efficiency dropped to 22.56% due to competitive binding. XRD revealed minor interlayer expansions in hectorite and kaolinite, suggesting adsorption mechanisms. FTIR showed the involvement of lactone and carbonyl groups, indicating hydrogen bonding and electrostatic adsorption. To assess post-treatment biological safety, residual AFB1 genotoxicity was evaluated via the SOS Chromotest. Results mirrored adsorption performance: SOS induction factors dropped from 6.66 (AFB1 alone) to 1.16 (hectorite–Cd) and 1.36 (natural kaolinite–Cd), indicating over 93% inhibition. Adsorption efficiency, structural compatibility, and competitive binding in multi-contaminant systems are key to effective detoxification. Smectite-type clays like hectorite offer promising, low-cost, and biologically safe adsorbents for mitigating co-exposure to AFB1 and Cd.</p>

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Clay-based adsorbents for in vitro remediation of aflatoxin B1–cadmium co-contamination: mechanistic insights and genotoxicity assessment via SOS chromotest

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Imed Maatouk,
  • Amel Mehrez,
  • Chaima Ragoubi,
  • Sameh Akriche,
  • Kais Nahdi,
  • Ahmed Landoulsi

摘要

The co-contamination of food and feed by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and cadmium (Cd) presents a growing health and environmental risk, particularly in regions where agro-climatic conditions and industrial pollution exacerbate their occurrence. This underscores the need for effective mitigation strategies. This study evaluates the in vitro adsorption efficiency of four clay-based adsorbents: hectorite, natural and synthetic kaolinite, and brucite [Mg(OH)₂], for removing AFB1 and Cd, individually and in combination. Adsorption was quantified using HPLC-FLD for AFB1 and AAS for Cd. Clay–contaminant interactions were characterized by FTIR and XRD. SEM–EDS analyses of clays supported the proposed adsorption mechanisms by revealing their surface morphology and elemental composition. Adsorption efficiency was dose-dependent. In single-contaminant systems, AFB1 removal reached 95.83% with brucite and 95.37% with hectorite (20 mg clay, 5 mg/L AFB1), while Cd removal peaked at 90.93% with brucite. In binary systems, hectorite showed the highest AFB1 removal (98.22%), followed by natural (90.38%) and synthetic kaolinite (80.39%), while brucite’s efficiency dropped to 22.56% due to competitive binding. XRD revealed minor interlayer expansions in hectorite and kaolinite, suggesting adsorption mechanisms. FTIR showed the involvement of lactone and carbonyl groups, indicating hydrogen bonding and electrostatic adsorption. To assess post-treatment biological safety, residual AFB1 genotoxicity was evaluated via the SOS Chromotest. Results mirrored adsorption performance: SOS induction factors dropped from 6.66 (AFB1 alone) to 1.16 (hectorite–Cd) and 1.36 (natural kaolinite–Cd), indicating over 93% inhibition. Adsorption efficiency, structural compatibility, and competitive binding in multi-contaminant systems are key to effective detoxification. Smectite-type clays like hectorite offer promising, low-cost, and biologically safe adsorbents for mitigating co-exposure to AFB1 and Cd.