Environmental impact on phonological stages in Lavandula officinalis: chemical profiling of essential oil and extract, antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential
摘要
Lavandula officinalis, known for its rich reservoir of bioactive metabolites, exhibits significant preventive and healing properties. This study aims to investigate the influence of phenological stages namely the vegetative, early, and full flowering phases on the bioactive metabolites produced by this plant species, with a particular focus on its environmental implications. During the full flowering phase, the essential oil yield of L. officinalis reached its peak at 0.83%. The study revealed variations in both the quantity and quality of essential oil composition depending on the phenological stage. Gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) analysis let to identify the compounds at full flowering stage as 1,8-cineole (20.78%), linalool (15.34%), camphor (11.05%), linalool oxide (9.77%), and linalyl acetate (7.91%). Notably, at the full flowering phase, L. officinalis exhibited the highest levels of total phenolic content per g of Dry Weight (DW) (381 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (200.08 mg QE/g DW), flavonols (101.82 mg QE/g DW), and condensed tannins (63.07 mg CTE/g DW). The antioxidant capacity of the essential oils was assessed through various free radical scavenging assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS), with the sample concentrations leading to 50% of inhibition defined as IC50 and corresponding to 36.16 μg/mL, 117 μg/mL, and 92.34 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the inhibition activity for acetylcholinesterase was measured at 0.18 mg/mL. These findings highlight the environmental benefits and potential medicinal applications of L. officinalis, particularly at the full flowering stage. The findings underscore lavender’s potential for developing new medicines and emphasize its role in sustainable environmental practices.