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<p>This study reports the sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nanoflowers (AgNFs) using aqueous extracts from both leaves and in vitro induced callus of <i>Ophiorrhiza oppositiflora</i> Hook.f. The biosynthesized nanostructures were comprehensively characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Key quantitative findings: Leaf-derived AgNFs exhibited distinct flower-like morphology with mean dimensions of 45.3 ± 12.1&#xa0;nm and a broad Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at ~ 450&#xa0;nm. Callus-derived AgNPs displayed quasi-spherical shapes with average diameter of 20.2 ± 5.8&#xa0;nm and an absorption peak at 255&#xa0;nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals (flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids) responsible for reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. SAED patterns and inter-planar spacing indicated a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure with some AgCl component formation. EDX spectra confirmed silver (95–97%) as the primary elemental constituent with minor copper peaks from the TEM grid. Both AgNPs and AgNFs demonstrated antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition: 9–12&#xa0;mm at concentrations of 100–200&#xa0;µg/mL) against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (11.00 ± 0.58&#xa0;mm), <i>Bacillus</i> subtilis (11.33 ± 1.15), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (12.00 ± 1.00), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (9.67 ± 0.33&#xa0;mm), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (11.67 ± 0.33&#xa0;mm), with no significant difference (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) between leaf and callus extract nanoparticles. The findings highlight the feasibility of using callus cultures as a sustainable and reproducible alternative to whole plants for nanostructure synthesis, ensuring preservation of plant biodiversity while demonstrating consistent antimicrobial efficacy, warranting further investigation for specific biological applications.</p>

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Environmentally sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ophiorrhiza oppositiflora Hook.f. callus as an alternative to conventional plant material

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Abhishek Rana,
  • Sanjeev Bhandari,
  • Aunggat Shah,
  • Aawaj Kuloong Rai,
  • Dhananjaya Panda,
  • S. R. Joshi,
  • Koteswara Rao Peta,
  • Hiranjit Choudhury

摘要

This study reports the sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nanoflowers (AgNFs) using aqueous extracts from both leaves and in vitro induced callus of Ophiorrhiza oppositiflora Hook.f. The biosynthesized nanostructures were comprehensively characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Key quantitative findings: Leaf-derived AgNFs exhibited distinct flower-like morphology with mean dimensions of 45.3 ± 12.1 nm and a broad Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at ~ 450 nm. Callus-derived AgNPs displayed quasi-spherical shapes with average diameter of 20.2 ± 5.8 nm and an absorption peak at 255 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals (flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids) responsible for reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. SAED patterns and inter-planar spacing indicated a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure with some AgCl component formation. EDX spectra confirmed silver (95–97%) as the primary elemental constituent with minor copper peaks from the TEM grid. Both AgNPs and AgNFs demonstrated antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition: 9–12 mm at concentrations of 100–200 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus (11.00 ± 0.58 mm), Bacillus subtilis (11.33 ± 1.15), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.00 ± 1.00), Escherichia coli (9.67 ± 0.33 mm), and Candida albicans (11.67 ± 0.33 mm), with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between leaf and callus extract nanoparticles. The findings highlight the feasibility of using callus cultures as a sustainable and reproducible alternative to whole plants for nanostructure synthesis, ensuring preservation of plant biodiversity while demonstrating consistent antimicrobial efficacy, warranting further investigation for specific biological applications.