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<p>The current study aims to fabricate bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) and cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanoparticles from <i>Pithecellobium dulce</i> leaf extract and assess their antioxidant properties. The aqueous leaf extracts of <i>P. dulce</i> were prepared and subjected to nanoparticle synthesis using bismuth nitrate and cobalt nitrate. Characterization was carried out using UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and EDS. The UV–visible absorption spectrum showed maximum absorption peaks at 388&#xa0;nm (Bi₂O₃NPs) and 273&#xa0;nm (Co₃O₄NPs). SEM analysis revealed particle sizes ranging from 40 to 90&#xa0;nm (average 70&#xa0;nm) for Bi₂O₃NPs and 59–119&#xa0;nm (average 89&#xa0;nm) for Co₃O₄NPs, whereas XRD analysis indicated crystallite sizes ranging from 11 to 37&#xa0;nm (average 25.1&#xa0;nm) for Bi₂O₃NPs and 2.5–3.3&#xa0;nm (average 2.9&#xa0;nm) for Co₃O₄NPs. The EDS analysis illustrated a typical absorption and elemental purity of the metallic bismuth and cobalt. The antioxidant assays demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging and reducing capacity of the synthesized nanoparticles. From an environmental perspective, the antioxidant activity of phyto-derived nanoparticles may contribute to mitigating oxidative stress induced by environmental pollutants and reactive oxygen species, suggesting their potential application in environmental remediation systems. However, the present study is limited to in vitro antioxidant evaluation and physicochemical characterization, and further studies are required to validate environmental or biomedical applicability under real conditions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Phyto-derived bismuth and cobalt oxide nanoparticles from Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. leaf extract and assessment of its antioxidant activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Firdose Kolar,
  • Azharuddin Daphedar,
  • Megha Vajjaramatti,
  • Gouravva Nyamagoud

摘要

The current study aims to fabricate bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) and cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanoparticles from Pithecellobium dulce leaf extract and assess their antioxidant properties. The aqueous leaf extracts of P. dulce were prepared and subjected to nanoparticle synthesis using bismuth nitrate and cobalt nitrate. Characterization was carried out using UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and EDS. The UV–visible absorption spectrum showed maximum absorption peaks at 388 nm (Bi₂O₃NPs) and 273 nm (Co₃O₄NPs). SEM analysis revealed particle sizes ranging from 40 to 90 nm (average 70 nm) for Bi₂O₃NPs and 59–119 nm (average 89 nm) for Co₃O₄NPs, whereas XRD analysis indicated crystallite sizes ranging from 11 to 37 nm (average 25.1 nm) for Bi₂O₃NPs and 2.5–3.3 nm (average 2.9 nm) for Co₃O₄NPs. The EDS analysis illustrated a typical absorption and elemental purity of the metallic bismuth and cobalt. The antioxidant assays demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging and reducing capacity of the synthesized nanoparticles. From an environmental perspective, the antioxidant activity of phyto-derived nanoparticles may contribute to mitigating oxidative stress induced by environmental pollutants and reactive oxygen species, suggesting their potential application in environmental remediation systems. However, the present study is limited to in vitro antioxidant evaluation and physicochemical characterization, and further studies are required to validate environmental or biomedical applicability under real conditions.

Graphical abstract