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<p>Water pollution, intensified by industrialization and urbanization, demands sustainable solutions. Nanocellulose, derived from Earth’s most abundant biopolymer, offers exceptional potential for wastewater treatment due to its high surface area, mechanical strength, and tuneable surface chemistry. This review examines nanocellulose extraction, functionalization, and pollutant removal mechanisms, emphasizing its effectiveness against heavy metals, dyes, and pathogens. Environmental advantages like biodegradability and low toxicity are discussed, along with its integration into hybrid composites and filtration systems. Case studies highlight its superiority over conventional adsorbents, while challenges in scalability, cost, and regulations are addressed. Emerging innovations, such as smart responsive materials and 3D-printed devices, showcase its role in next-generation water treatment. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this work positions nanocellulose as a key material for sustainable wastewater remediation, paving the way for large-scale adoption.</p>

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Nanocellulose-Based advanced materials for sustainable wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Sourav Bhowmik,
  • Prasun Patra

摘要

Water pollution, intensified by industrialization and urbanization, demands sustainable solutions. Nanocellulose, derived from Earth’s most abundant biopolymer, offers exceptional potential for wastewater treatment due to its high surface area, mechanical strength, and tuneable surface chemistry. This review examines nanocellulose extraction, functionalization, and pollutant removal mechanisms, emphasizing its effectiveness against heavy metals, dyes, and pathogens. Environmental advantages like biodegradability and low toxicity are discussed, along with its integration into hybrid composites and filtration systems. Case studies highlight its superiority over conventional adsorbents, while challenges in scalability, cost, and regulations are addressed. Emerging innovations, such as smart responsive materials and 3D-printed devices, showcase its role in next-generation water treatment. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this work positions nanocellulose as a key material for sustainable wastewater remediation, paving the way for large-scale adoption.