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<p>Pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic systems represents an increasing global environmental concern. In this study, <i>Brassica oleracea</i> var. <i>botrytis</i> peels, an agro-waste material, were used as a precursor to prepare biochar (BOB). Furthermore, a simple co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize biochar (BOB) assisted magnetic-Zn + Al based layered double hydroxide (Fe-BOB/LDH) nano-composites for the removal of levofloxacin (LEV) and metformin (MET). The prepared composites were analyzed using various instrumental techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental mapping, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD and HRTEM study inferred the nano-crystalline structure of Fe-BOB/LDH composites. VSM analysis confirmed the ferromagnetic nature of Fe-BOB/LDH composites with significant values (29.07 emu g<sup>− 1</sup>) of saturation magnetization and to be separated from aqueous solution using external magnet. The adsorption behavior of BOB, Fe-LDH and Fe-BOB/LDH nano-composites was strongly influenced by pH, with maximum LEV and MET uptake observed at pH 7.0 and 8.0, respectively. Sorption studies were evaluated through isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. The experimental data closely followed the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.99), suggesting monolayer adsorption of LEV and MET. The kinetic analysis demonstrated a good fit with the pseudo-second-order model, confirming that the adsorption mechanism was primarily controlled by chemisorption. The maximum monolayer capacities of Fe-BOB/LDH composites for LEV and MET were computed to be 190.83&#xa0;mg/g and 175.43&#xa0;mg/g, respectively. The desorption study of LEV and MET was evaluated using 0.1&#xa0;M HCl in methanol solution and 0.1&#xa0;M NaOH solutions, respectively as the desorbing agent. After seven sorption–desorption cycles, the removal efficiencies of Fe-BOB/LDH composites retain the significant adsorption capacity. Overall, synthesized Fe-BOB/LDH nano-composites exhibited high adsorption efficiency, and good reusability, highlighting its potential as a promising material for wastewater treatment applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Waste-to-resource approach: magnetic biochar/LDH nano-composites from Brassica oleracea var. botrytis peels for efficient removal of pharmaceutical effluents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Suchi Sharma,
  • Nadeem Sharma,
  • Ajay Kumar,
  • Abhishek Thakur,
  • Arush Sharma

摘要

Pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic systems represents an increasing global environmental concern. In this study, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis peels, an agro-waste material, were used as a precursor to prepare biochar (BOB). Furthermore, a simple co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize biochar (BOB) assisted magnetic-Zn + Al based layered double hydroxide (Fe-BOB/LDH) nano-composites for the removal of levofloxacin (LEV) and metformin (MET). The prepared composites were analyzed using various instrumental techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental mapping, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD and HRTEM study inferred the nano-crystalline structure of Fe-BOB/LDH composites. VSM analysis confirmed the ferromagnetic nature of Fe-BOB/LDH composites with significant values (29.07 emu g− 1) of saturation magnetization and to be separated from aqueous solution using external magnet. The adsorption behavior of BOB, Fe-LDH and Fe-BOB/LDH nano-composites was strongly influenced by pH, with maximum LEV and MET uptake observed at pH 7.0 and 8.0, respectively. Sorption studies were evaluated through isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. The experimental data closely followed the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.99), suggesting monolayer adsorption of LEV and MET. The kinetic analysis demonstrated a good fit with the pseudo-second-order model, confirming that the adsorption mechanism was primarily controlled by chemisorption. The maximum monolayer capacities of Fe-BOB/LDH composites for LEV and MET were computed to be 190.83 mg/g and 175.43 mg/g, respectively. The desorption study of LEV and MET was evaluated using 0.1 M HCl in methanol solution and 0.1 M NaOH solutions, respectively as the desorbing agent. After seven sorption–desorption cycles, the removal efficiencies of Fe-BOB/LDH composites retain the significant adsorption capacity. Overall, synthesized Fe-BOB/LDH nano-composites exhibited high adsorption efficiency, and good reusability, highlighting its potential as a promising material for wastewater treatment applications.

Graphical abstract