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<p>Rapid industrialization and agricultural intensification have greatly increased soil contamination worldwide. More than 30% of global arable land is now polluted with heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other toxic compounds. Conventional bioremediation methods are eco-friendly but often slow and ineffective under high contaminant loads. This growing pollution threatens soil fertility, ecosystem balance, and food security. Therefore, there is an urgent need for faster and more sustainable cleanup technologies. Nanobioremediation (NBR), which integrates nanotechnology with plant–microbe systems, has emerged as a promising alternative. This mini-review examines how nanoparticles (NPs), microbes, and plants work together to remove soil contaminants. It summarizes their cooperative mechanisms, removal efficiencies, and challenges for large-scale use. Nanoparticles such as Fe₃O₄, ZnO, TiO₂, and graphene derivatives show strong adsorption and catalytic activity, achieving up to 90–98% removal of metals like Cd, Pb, and As. Microbial consortia including <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, and <i>Halomonas</i> further enhance NP activity through biosorption, redox reactions, and the production of biogenic NPs. Plants such as <i>Helianthus annuus</i>, <i>Alyssum bertolonii</i>, and <i>Arabidopsis halleri</i> support cleanup through phytoextraction and enzymatic detoxification. Field studies show that Fe₃O₄–plant systems can raise arsenic uptake by 56%, while ZnO–microbe combinations reduce Cd bioavailability by 33–40%. Despite these promising outcomes, uncertainties remain about NP stability, ecotoxicity, and the high energy needed for synthesis (e.g., ~ 68.5 GJ/kg for graphene oxide). New strategies, such as biopolymer-coated NPs, AI-guided SynCom design, and multi-omics monitoring—offer safer and scalable solutions. Overall, this review builds a link between nanomaterial design, microbial metabolism, and plant function, aiming to promote sustainable soil restoration. It also highlights the need for standardized testing, regulatory coordination, and long-term field validation to move nanobioremediation from lab to land.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic nanobioremediation: exploring nanoparticle–plant–microbe interactions for sustainable soil decontamination

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月27日

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  • Abid Hussain,
  • Muhammad Kabir

摘要

Rapid industrialization and agricultural intensification have greatly increased soil contamination worldwide. More than 30% of global arable land is now polluted with heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other toxic compounds. Conventional bioremediation methods are eco-friendly but often slow and ineffective under high contaminant loads. This growing pollution threatens soil fertility, ecosystem balance, and food security. Therefore, there is an urgent need for faster and more sustainable cleanup technologies. Nanobioremediation (NBR), which integrates nanotechnology with plant–microbe systems, has emerged as a promising alternative. This mini-review examines how nanoparticles (NPs), microbes, and plants work together to remove soil contaminants. It summarizes their cooperative mechanisms, removal efficiencies, and challenges for large-scale use. Nanoparticles such as Fe₃O₄, ZnO, TiO₂, and graphene derivatives show strong adsorption and catalytic activity, achieving up to 90–98% removal of metals like Cd, Pb, and As. Microbial consortia including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Halomonas further enhance NP activity through biosorption, redox reactions, and the production of biogenic NPs. Plants such as Helianthus annuus, Alyssum bertolonii, and Arabidopsis halleri support cleanup through phytoextraction and enzymatic detoxification. Field studies show that Fe₃O₄–plant systems can raise arsenic uptake by 56%, while ZnO–microbe combinations reduce Cd bioavailability by 33–40%. Despite these promising outcomes, uncertainties remain about NP stability, ecotoxicity, and the high energy needed for synthesis (e.g., ~ 68.5 GJ/kg for graphene oxide). New strategies, such as biopolymer-coated NPs, AI-guided SynCom design, and multi-omics monitoring—offer safer and scalable solutions. Overall, this review builds a link between nanomaterial design, microbial metabolism, and plant function, aiming to promote sustainable soil restoration. It also highlights the need for standardized testing, regulatory coordination, and long-term field validation to move nanobioremediation from lab to land.

Graphical abstract