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<p>The present investigation emphasises the greener strategy for the biosynthesis of zirconium oxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles by employing the <i>Azadirachta indica</i> leaf extract and its implementation to break down malachite green (MG) in aqueous solution through photocatalysis. For the successful production of ZrO<sub>2,</sub> the plant leaf extract serves as a reducing agent and avoids any chemical treatment, which is a more non-toxic and eco-friendly approach. The green synthesiszed zirconium oxide (G-ZrO<sub>2</sub>) was further characterized by various techniques, including SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, PL, and EIS. The SEM analysis confirmed the irregular spherical-shaped G-ZrO2 nanoparticles, and the crystalline and successful synthesis of this nanoparticle was confirmed by the XRD peaks. G-ZrO2 nanoparticles with a bandgap of 2.88&#xa0;eV and a crystalline size of 7.12&#xa0;nm have demonstrated an excellent catalytic capability to degrade MG. The degradation efficiency of G-ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles investigated under visible light, the nano-catalyst can degrade malachite green with the highest degradation efficiency 97.96% which was observed with G-ZrO<sub>2</sub> dosage of 0.8&#xa0;g.L<sup>− 1</sup>, at malachite green dye initial concentration of 10 mg.L<sup>− 1</sup>, at pH 10, and at 130&#xa0;rpm of the incubator shaker. The quenching test suggests that degradation of MG dye was majorly governed by h<sup>+</sup> and ·OH radicals and supported by ·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> radical. To optimize the process for MG degradation and to study the interaction effects of G-ZrO<sub>2</sub> dosage, MG dye concentration, and contact time, response surface methodology was employed. Further, the reusability of the catalyst resulted in 86.70% degradation of MG after five cycles.</p>

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Biosynthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic efficiency in degrading malachite green: batch study and RSM optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Sampad Sarkar,
  • Sk. Aakash Hossain,
  • Akashneel Saha,
  • Papita Das

摘要

The present investigation emphasises the greener strategy for the biosynthesis of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles by employing the Azadirachta indica leaf extract and its implementation to break down malachite green (MG) in aqueous solution through photocatalysis. For the successful production of ZrO2, the plant leaf extract serves as a reducing agent and avoids any chemical treatment, which is a more non-toxic and eco-friendly approach. The green synthesiszed zirconium oxide (G-ZrO2) was further characterized by various techniques, including SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, PL, and EIS. The SEM analysis confirmed the irregular spherical-shaped G-ZrO2 nanoparticles, and the crystalline and successful synthesis of this nanoparticle was confirmed by the XRD peaks. G-ZrO2 nanoparticles with a bandgap of 2.88 eV and a crystalline size of 7.12 nm have demonstrated an excellent catalytic capability to degrade MG. The degradation efficiency of G-ZrO2 nanoparticles investigated under visible light, the nano-catalyst can degrade malachite green with the highest degradation efficiency 97.96% which was observed with G-ZrO2 dosage of 0.8 g.L− 1, at malachite green dye initial concentration of 10 mg.L− 1, at pH 10, and at 130 rpm of the incubator shaker. The quenching test suggests that degradation of MG dye was majorly governed by h+ and ·OH radicals and supported by ·O2− radical. To optimize the process for MG degradation and to study the interaction effects of G-ZrO2 dosage, MG dye concentration, and contact time, response surface methodology was employed. Further, the reusability of the catalyst resulted in 86.70% degradation of MG after five cycles.