<p>Nano remediation shows great potential as an effective approach for addressing environmental restoration, specifically in the treatment of persistent pollutants such as pesticides, chlorine-based solvents, halogen-containing chemicals, and toxic heavy metals. In general, nanotechnology is revolutionizing different environmental contexts, such as the purification of water and wastewater, the restoration of soil and sediment, and the process of bioremediation. Nanomaterials, particularly metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, and biopolymers, possess the capability to purify water and assimilate pollutants. Nanoparticles possess the capacity to efficiently and economically eliminate pollutants; yet their long-term safety and sustainability remain questionable. Monitoring the utilization of nanoparticles in environmental remediation is essential to prevent exacerbation of the pollution situation. In this review we highlight the types of nanoparticles and their characterisation mechanism. Besides, that the review also emphasis the role of nanoparticles in environment, agriculture and human health areas. Moreover, we also discuss the inherent toxicity of nanoparticles, and the challenges associated with their recycling and regeneration, can result in escalated treatment expenses and negative environmental consequences.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>