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<p>Respiratory rate (RR) is known to fluctuate due to psychological stress, while obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains highly prevalent. Conventional contact-based monitoring may disturb sleep, particularly in patients with insomnia. This study aimed to develop a non-constraining, non-contact respiratory monitoring system capable of measuring RR during wakefulness and detecting signs of OSA during sleep—two physiologically distinct states assessed at separate time points. A prospective observational study was conducted using a millimeter wave radar (MWR) device to evaluate its accuracy in monitoring respiratory rate. Participants suspected of having OSA were recruited prior to undergoing diagnostic polysomnography (PSG). RR measurements were obtained while the participants were awake in various postures (supine, sitting, and lateral), as well as during sleep. The device’s non-contact nature allowed assessment without interfering with sleep quality. The index of apnea and hypopnea during 1&#xa0;h of sleep (AHI) monitored by polysomnography (PSG) was compared with 1&#xa0;h of respiratory event index (REI) judged by an MWR system. Portable monitoring (PM) and percutaneous arterial O<sub>2</sub> (SpO<sub>2</sub>) monitoring were done simultaneously. High correlations were observed between RRs obtained by MWR and respiratory inductance plethysmography at PSG while awake in every measured position (<i>r</i> = 0.92–0.99) (<i>n</i> = 60). The REI by MWR was significantly correlated with AHI determined by PSG, PM, or SpO<sub>2</sub> monitoring (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The Bland–Altman plot showed that the MWR used for AHI monitoring was acceptable. Predicted AHI by MWR monitoring relative to PSG was almost the same as with PM or SpO<sub>2</sub> monitoring. The developed MWR respiratory monitor was useful during wakefulness and sleep, detecting apnea and hypopnea. It is beneficial in multiple medical settings, including sleep apnea screening, critical care with and without sleep apnea, and managing critically ill patients and elderly individuals receiving home care with telemonitoring.</p>

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Non-constraining and non-contact monitoring of respiratory rate at awake and apnea and hypopnea during sleep using a millimeter wave radar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月4日

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  • Kazuo Chin,
  • Shigeaki Okumura,
  • Daisuke Endo,
  • Kazuma Nagata,
  • Tatsuya Ito,
  • Kimihiko Murase,
  • Hironobu Sunadome,
  • Mamiko Hoshi,
  • Hisato Hiranuma,
  • Yutaka Kozu,
  • Susumu Sato,
  • Toyohiro Hirai,
  • Yasuhiro Gon,
  • Takuya Sakamoto,
  • Hirofumi Taki,
  • Toshiki Akahoshi

摘要

Respiratory rate (RR) is known to fluctuate due to psychological stress, while obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains highly prevalent. Conventional contact-based monitoring may disturb sleep, particularly in patients with insomnia. This study aimed to develop a non-constraining, non-contact respiratory monitoring system capable of measuring RR during wakefulness and detecting signs of OSA during sleep—two physiologically distinct states assessed at separate time points. A prospective observational study was conducted using a millimeter wave radar (MWR) device to evaluate its accuracy in monitoring respiratory rate. Participants suspected of having OSA were recruited prior to undergoing diagnostic polysomnography (PSG). RR measurements were obtained while the participants were awake in various postures (supine, sitting, and lateral), as well as during sleep. The device’s non-contact nature allowed assessment without interfering with sleep quality. The index of apnea and hypopnea during 1 h of sleep (AHI) monitored by polysomnography (PSG) was compared with 1 h of respiratory event index (REI) judged by an MWR system. Portable monitoring (PM) and percutaneous arterial O2 (SpO2) monitoring were done simultaneously. High correlations were observed between RRs obtained by MWR and respiratory inductance plethysmography at PSG while awake in every measured position (r = 0.92–0.99) (n = 60). The REI by MWR was significantly correlated with AHI determined by PSG, PM, or SpO2 monitoring (p < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plot showed that the MWR used for AHI monitoring was acceptable. Predicted AHI by MWR monitoring relative to PSG was almost the same as with PM or SpO2 monitoring. The developed MWR respiratory monitor was useful during wakefulness and sleep, detecting apnea and hypopnea. It is beneficial in multiple medical settings, including sleep apnea screening, critical care with and without sleep apnea, and managing critically ill patients and elderly individuals receiving home care with telemonitoring.