Public Perceptions of Treated Greywater Reuse for Non-Potable Applications: A Case Study of Pune, India
摘要
This study explored the perceptions of residents in Pune, India about the reuse of treated greywater for non-potable applications. A survey was conducted involving 373 respondents. The results showed that Cronbach’s alpha (α) internal consistency and reliability test had a value of 0.807 indicating the good internal consistency of the survey questions. The acceptance of greywater reuse was influenced by factors such as income, water bill, gender, age, and education level. High-income, middle-aged men with at least a high school education were more likely to accept greywater reuse, while older, less-educated women with lower income were the least likely. The primary reasons for hesitation to reuse greywater was determined using principal component analysis (PCA), and it indicated that the health and psychological concern were the first principal component (PC1), while aesthetics and socio-cultural concern (PC2), were the second principal component contributing to the hesitation of respondents in the reuse of treated greywater. The most accepted reuse option was groundwater recharge (96.1%). Other applications that involved no direct human contact, such as irrigation of non-food crops (87.3%) and toilet flushing (65.1%) also received significant support. Reuses involving direct human contact specifically with children, like toilets flushing in school (19%), irrigation of school playground (21.1%) and swimming pools (21.6%), were generally rejected. Notably, when respondents were informed about the severity of water scarcity and the benefits of greywater reuse, acceptance levels for non-potable greywater reuse purposes rose from 34% to 70%. To further increase acceptance, local authorities are encouraged to raise public awareness about the advantages of greywater reuse and increase public involvement in decision and policy making.