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<p>Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments is a serious ecological and human health problem that requires reliable monitoring and assessment. This review offers an integrated perspective on the key methods employed in heavy metal pollution monitoring, including pollution assessment indices, laboratory-based analytical methods, bioindicators, and newly developed real-time detection platforms. Widely used contamination indices are summarized, and their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages are critically discussed in this review. The review also covers the analytical techniques used for the quantitative determination of metals such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The use of aquatic plants, algae, invertebrates, and fish as bioindicators is also discussed. Recent advancements in electrochemical, optical, biosensor-based, smartphone-assisted, and portable detection systems have been emphasized for rapid and on-site monitoring. The studies reviewed have shown that no single test approach can provide a complete assessment of contamination and ecological risk. Hence, the integration of pollution indices, laboratory validation, biological indicators, and sensor technologies is recommended for an integrated monitoring framework. Standardization, calibration, field robustness, and regulatory validation are still significant factors for future implementation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Integrated Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments: Pollution Indices, Analytical Techniques, Bioindicators and Real-Time Detection Platforms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Jaspreet Singh Aulakh,
  • Deepika P. Joshi,
  • Gurvinder Kaur

摘要

Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments is a serious ecological and human health problem that requires reliable monitoring and assessment. This review offers an integrated perspective on the key methods employed in heavy metal pollution monitoring, including pollution assessment indices, laboratory-based analytical methods, bioindicators, and newly developed real-time detection platforms. Widely used contamination indices are summarized, and their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages are critically discussed in this review. The review also covers the analytical techniques used for the quantitative determination of metals such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The use of aquatic plants, algae, invertebrates, and fish as bioindicators is also discussed. Recent advancements in electrochemical, optical, biosensor-based, smartphone-assisted, and portable detection systems have been emphasized for rapid and on-site monitoring. The studies reviewed have shown that no single test approach can provide a complete assessment of contamination and ecological risk. Hence, the integration of pollution indices, laboratory validation, biological indicators, and sensor technologies is recommended for an integrated monitoring framework. Standardization, calibration, field robustness, and regulatory validation are still significant factors for future implementation.

Graphical Abstract