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<p>Groundwater remains an essential source of freshwater, but its levels have decreased in many areas due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, evaluating groundwater level trends is critical for understanding these variations and promoting sustainable management. This research examined groundwater level trends over 23 years (1996–2018) across coastal districts of India. Groundwater level data were assessed for four distinct seasons: pre-monsoon (PREMON), monsoon (MON), post-monsoon <i>kharif</i> (POMKH), and post-monsoon <i>rabi</i> (POMRB). Temporal trends were analysed using Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) non-parametric tests, while Sen’s slope (SS) was applied to determine the rate of change. According to the MK test, significant increasing trends were detected in 45.20% of wells during PERMON, 33.33% in MON, 31.81% in POMRB, and 25.19% in POMKH seasons. In contrast, significant decreasing trends were found in 36.62% (POMKH), 34.52% (PREMON), 34.38% (POMRB), and 28.29% (MON) of wells. The SR test showed significant rising trends in groundwater levels for 36.62% of wells in POMKH, 35.10% in PREMON, 34.30% in POMRB, and 29.11% in MON seasons. Significant declines were found in 48.68% (PREMON), 36.31% (MON), 34.13% (POMRB), and 27.84% (POMKH) wells. The maximum annual increase ranged from 59.65&#xa0;cm y<sup>− 1</sup> (POMKH) to 75.28&#xa0;cm y<sup>− 1</sup> (MON), while the most significant decrease ranged from − 59.53&#xa0;cm y<sup>− 1</sup> (POMRB) to -94.33&#xa0;cm y<sup>− 1</sup> (PREMON). The majority of the wells in PREMON showed highest mean groundwater depth ranging from of 5–10&#xa0;m. This study would assist in identifying the critical coastal districts for developing appropriate groundwater management strategies.</p>

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Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Groundwater Level Trends for Sustainable Management in the Coastal Region of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Sujeet Desai,
  • Bappa Das,
  • Dikshita A. Shetkar,
  • Gopal Mahajan,
  • Basavareddy,
  • Parveen Kumar

摘要

Groundwater remains an essential source of freshwater, but its levels have decreased in many areas due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, evaluating groundwater level trends is critical for understanding these variations and promoting sustainable management. This research examined groundwater level trends over 23 years (1996–2018) across coastal districts of India. Groundwater level data were assessed for four distinct seasons: pre-monsoon (PREMON), monsoon (MON), post-monsoon kharif (POMKH), and post-monsoon rabi (POMRB). Temporal trends were analysed using Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) non-parametric tests, while Sen’s slope (SS) was applied to determine the rate of change. According to the MK test, significant increasing trends were detected in 45.20% of wells during PERMON, 33.33% in MON, 31.81% in POMRB, and 25.19% in POMKH seasons. In contrast, significant decreasing trends were found in 36.62% (POMKH), 34.52% (PREMON), 34.38% (POMRB), and 28.29% (MON) of wells. The SR test showed significant rising trends in groundwater levels for 36.62% of wells in POMKH, 35.10% in PREMON, 34.30% in POMRB, and 29.11% in MON seasons. Significant declines were found in 48.68% (PREMON), 36.31% (MON), 34.13% (POMRB), and 27.84% (POMKH) wells. The maximum annual increase ranged from 59.65 cm y− 1 (POMKH) to 75.28 cm y− 1 (MON), while the most significant decrease ranged from − 59.53 cm y− 1 (POMRB) to -94.33 cm y− 1 (PREMON). The majority of the wells in PREMON showed highest mean groundwater depth ranging from of 5–10 m. This study would assist in identifying the critical coastal districts for developing appropriate groundwater management strategies.