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<p>In this study, a novel activated carbon porous activated carbon composite adsorbent was prepared from a blend of coconut shell, palm kernel shell, and oil palm fibre by calcination at 600&#xa0;°C for 2&#xa0;h. The physicochemical characteristics of the porous activated carbon composite adsorbent were analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to identify functional groups involved in metal binding, and Scanning Electron Microscopy to assess surface morphology and pore structure. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of operational parameters, including adsorbent dose (0.4–1.0&#xa0;g), contact time (30–60&#xa0;min), temperature (30–60&#xa0;°C), and pH (2–10), on the removal of heavy metals. Concentrations of iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, and nickel in the pharmaceutical wastewater were measured before and after treatment using a 240 FS Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results showed that adsorption efficiency increased with higher adsorbent dose, longer contact time, and elevated temperature, while pH had an optimum effect at 4, decreasing beyond this point. Maximum removal efficiencies were achieved at a 1.0&#xa0;g dose, pH 4, 60&#xa0;min contact time, and 29&#xa0;°C, with lead (97.2%), cadmium (99%), iron (93.8%), chromium (92.6%), copper (91.3%), nickel (89.2%), and zinc (87.4%) effectively removed. The superior performance compared to previously reported coconut- or palm-based activated carbons is attributed to the synergistic effect of the blended biomass precursors, which creates diverse adsorption sites and improved structural integrity. Overall, the study demonstrates that locally sourced agro-waste can be converted into cost-effective porous activated carbon composite adsorbents capable of significantly reducing heavy metal concentrations in pharmaceutical effluents, supporting sustainable wastewater management and environmental protection.</p>

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Development of a Novel Agro-Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Efficient Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Pharmaceutical Effluent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Chijioke Ndukwe Uyo,
  • Jonathan Chiemezie Anyanwu,
  • Enos Ihediohanma Emereibeole,
  • Christopher Chibuzor Ejiogu,
  • Chukwuemeka Fortunatus Nnadozie,
  • Joseph Ikechukwu Nwachukwu,
  • Kanayo Lucy Oguzie,
  • Justina Nne Nwosu

摘要

In this study, a novel activated carbon porous activated carbon composite adsorbent was prepared from a blend of coconut shell, palm kernel shell, and oil palm fibre by calcination at 600 °C for 2 h. The physicochemical characteristics of the porous activated carbon composite adsorbent were analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to identify functional groups involved in metal binding, and Scanning Electron Microscopy to assess surface morphology and pore structure. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of operational parameters, including adsorbent dose (0.4–1.0 g), contact time (30–60 min), temperature (30–60 °C), and pH (2–10), on the removal of heavy metals. Concentrations of iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, and nickel in the pharmaceutical wastewater were measured before and after treatment using a 240 FS Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results showed that adsorption efficiency increased with higher adsorbent dose, longer contact time, and elevated temperature, while pH had an optimum effect at 4, decreasing beyond this point. Maximum removal efficiencies were achieved at a 1.0 g dose, pH 4, 60 min contact time, and 29 °C, with lead (97.2%), cadmium (99%), iron (93.8%), chromium (92.6%), copper (91.3%), nickel (89.2%), and zinc (87.4%) effectively removed. The superior performance compared to previously reported coconut- or palm-based activated carbons is attributed to the synergistic effect of the blended biomass precursors, which creates diverse adsorption sites and improved structural integrity. Overall, the study demonstrates that locally sourced agro-waste can be converted into cost-effective porous activated carbon composite adsorbents capable of significantly reducing heavy metal concentrations in pharmaceutical effluents, supporting sustainable wastewater management and environmental protection.