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<p>Domestic wastewater treatment systems can be expanded to reclaim non-potable water for toilet flushing. As current reclamation relies on a fossil-based energy mix, integrating cleaner energy sources is essential. This study compares the environmental impacts of non-potable water production under baseline (Sc-1) and future energy mix scenarios (Sc-2) in a treatment plant in Thailand. Under Sc-1, renewable and non-renewable energy shares were 20.51% and 79.49%, respectively, whereas Sc-2 anticipates a 13.39% increase in renewable energy. Environmental impacts were assessed using the ReCiPe 2016 (H) midpoint method in OpenLCA 2.2. Results show a significant reduction in overall midpoint impacts under Sc-2 compared to Sc-1. Electricity accounted for 83.67% of total impacts, with 40.38% from lignite-based generation. Reducing lignite of Sc-2 by 47.49% and eliminating diesel use lowered Freshwater Eutrophication Potential (FEP) by 43.93% and Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) by 33.89%. However, Sc-2 increased Agricultural Land Occupation (LOP) due to greater reliance on biomass and woodchip energy. Further assessment is recommended to utilize agricultural waste as an alternative feedstock. The study results help in quantifying potential environmental benefits of renewable energy integration in water reclamation systems. It also assists in identifying key contributors to environmental burdens, and support integrated water–energy policy frameworks in order to promote sustainable water management and cleaner energy transitions across the ASEAN region.</p>

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Assessing Environmental Impacts Under Different Energy Mix Scenario for Non-Potable Water Reclamation in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant from a Megacity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Ardhy Yuliawan Norma Sakti,
  • Sandhya Babel

摘要

Domestic wastewater treatment systems can be expanded to reclaim non-potable water for toilet flushing. As current reclamation relies on a fossil-based energy mix, integrating cleaner energy sources is essential. This study compares the environmental impacts of non-potable water production under baseline (Sc-1) and future energy mix scenarios (Sc-2) in a treatment plant in Thailand. Under Sc-1, renewable and non-renewable energy shares were 20.51% and 79.49%, respectively, whereas Sc-2 anticipates a 13.39% increase in renewable energy. Environmental impacts were assessed using the ReCiPe 2016 (H) midpoint method in OpenLCA 2.2. Results show a significant reduction in overall midpoint impacts under Sc-2 compared to Sc-1. Electricity accounted for 83.67% of total impacts, with 40.38% from lignite-based generation. Reducing lignite of Sc-2 by 47.49% and eliminating diesel use lowered Freshwater Eutrophication Potential (FEP) by 43.93% and Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) by 33.89%. However, Sc-2 increased Agricultural Land Occupation (LOP) due to greater reliance on biomass and woodchip energy. Further assessment is recommended to utilize agricultural waste as an alternative feedstock. The study results help in quantifying potential environmental benefits of renewable energy integration in water reclamation systems. It also assists in identifying key contributors to environmental burdens, and support integrated water–energy policy frameworks in order to promote sustainable water management and cleaner energy transitions across the ASEAN region.