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<p>Effective water resource management requires a thorough investigation of green and blue water dynamics. This study analyses the spatiotemporal distribution of blue and green water in the Nam Ngum River Basin (NNRB) (1994 to 2023) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three key findings emerge: (1) Blue water comprises 49% and green water 51% of total water resources, reflecting a balance yet sensitive system strongly influenced by land-cover composition. (2) Precipitation demonstrates a significant positive correlation with blue water, and green water also rises with precipitation up to a specific threshold. Nonetheless, the green water coefficient, the ratio of green water to total water resources, exhibits a negative correlation with precipitation. This is due to the more sensitive response of blue water to rainfall, which increases its proportion in the total water budget. (3) A 102% increase in the relative change rate of precipitation across two decades contributed to improved water availability. The observed increase in blue water is consistent with the influence of the Nam Ngum 1 Dam, operational since 1971, and subsequent reservoir development, which enhanced storage capacity and regulated seasonal flows. However, declining green water threatens soil moisture and agricultural productivity. Notably, downstream areas possess significantly fewer water resources than upstream regions. These findings underscore the importance of integrating adaptive reservoir operations (ARO), rainwater harvesting (RWH), and sustainable agriculture (SA) as practical strategies to address and balance blue–green water variability, enhance water storage, improve soil moisture conservation, and strengthen climate adaptation in the NNRB.</p>

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Investigating quantitative green and blue water resources: the case of the Nam Ngum River Basin in Laos

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月27日

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  • Phetviengkham Onexayvieng,
  • Andrea Haefner,
  • Linus Pasasa,
  • Acep Purqon

摘要

Effective water resource management requires a thorough investigation of green and blue water dynamics. This study analyses the spatiotemporal distribution of blue and green water in the Nam Ngum River Basin (NNRB) (1994 to 2023) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three key findings emerge: (1) Blue water comprises 49% and green water 51% of total water resources, reflecting a balance yet sensitive system strongly influenced by land-cover composition. (2) Precipitation demonstrates a significant positive correlation with blue water, and green water also rises with precipitation up to a specific threshold. Nonetheless, the green water coefficient, the ratio of green water to total water resources, exhibits a negative correlation with precipitation. This is due to the more sensitive response of blue water to rainfall, which increases its proportion in the total water budget. (3) A 102% increase in the relative change rate of precipitation across two decades contributed to improved water availability. The observed increase in blue water is consistent with the influence of the Nam Ngum 1 Dam, operational since 1971, and subsequent reservoir development, which enhanced storage capacity and regulated seasonal flows. However, declining green water threatens soil moisture and agricultural productivity. Notably, downstream areas possess significantly fewer water resources than upstream regions. These findings underscore the importance of integrating adaptive reservoir operations (ARO), rainwater harvesting (RWH), and sustainable agriculture (SA) as practical strategies to address and balance blue–green water variability, enhance water storage, improve soil moisture conservation, and strengthen climate adaptation in the NNRB.