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<p>The Kali River, a vital water resource in Western Uttar Pradesh, faces escalating threats from pesticide contamination due to intensive agricultural practices in its catchment area. This research article presents a seasonal variability of physicochemical parameters and pesticides pollution in the Kali River and focuses on the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks associated with these contaminants in pre- and post-monsoon season, 2022. Field surveys were conducted to collect water and sediment samples at 27 sites along the river stretch (150&#xa0;km), Surface water characteristics slightly alkaline in pre-monsoon and near neutral in post-monsoon, with electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) notably higher before monsoon and reduced after monsoon owing to dilution. hardness, nitrate, and sulphate concentrations exceeded (BIS,2012), due to agricultural and industrial activity. Water samples were extracted using 15&#xa0;mL n-hexane and filtered water, with contaminants isolated via anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Sediment samples (5.0 ± 0.05&#xa0;g) were mixed with DCM and n-hexane (7:3), sonicated, centrifuged, and the supernatant was analyzed for contaminants. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory for pesticide residues using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). In this study, only organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are found at a mostly sampling sites in river water samples that have higher concentrations of pesticides than WHO limits like α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH and few are below the detection limit. While in the sediment analysis, several classes of pesticides were found such as organophosphate, organochlorine, chloroacetanilides, pyrethroids, and phenylureas in which dimethoate and Heptachlor have a higher value range of 3.83 to 650.3, and 6.34 to 96.85&#xa0;μg/kg.Spatial shifts in δ-HCH hotspots between seasons suggested contaminant transport and sediment resuspension during monsoon flows. Ecological risk analysis is calculated as Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Cumulative Risk Analysis (CRA) indicated that heptachlor, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos posed the highest ecological risks, with CRA values &gt; 10 at several locations, highlighting urgent need for remediation. Subsequently, the biomagnification pattern of pesticides in the Kali River poses a serious threat to the current river ecosystem's food web and may eventually result in health risks for the human population reliant on the Kali River's catchment area in western Uttar Pradesh, India. The persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and seasonal redistribution of these contaminants underscore the need for continuous monitoring, stricter chemical regulation, and targeted cleanup strategies to mitigate risks to aquatic life and human health.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Occurrence, Distribution, and Aquatic Ecological Risk Analysis of Pesticide Residues in a Perennial River of Western Uttar Pradesh, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月27日

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  • Monu Kumar,
  • Anita,
  • Mahiya Kulsoom,
  • Aneet Kumar Yadav,
  • Kamla Pat Raw,
  • Sreekanth Bojjagani,
  • Narendra Kumar

摘要

The Kali River, a vital water resource in Western Uttar Pradesh, faces escalating threats from pesticide contamination due to intensive agricultural practices in its catchment area. This research article presents a seasonal variability of physicochemical parameters and pesticides pollution in the Kali River and focuses on the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks associated with these contaminants in pre- and post-monsoon season, 2022. Field surveys were conducted to collect water and sediment samples at 27 sites along the river stretch (150 km), Surface water characteristics slightly alkaline in pre-monsoon and near neutral in post-monsoon, with electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) notably higher before monsoon and reduced after monsoon owing to dilution. hardness, nitrate, and sulphate concentrations exceeded (BIS,2012), due to agricultural and industrial activity. Water samples were extracted using 15 mL n-hexane and filtered water, with contaminants isolated via anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Sediment samples (5.0 ± 0.05 g) were mixed with DCM and n-hexane (7:3), sonicated, centrifuged, and the supernatant was analyzed for contaminants. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory for pesticide residues using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). In this study, only organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are found at a mostly sampling sites in river water samples that have higher concentrations of pesticides than WHO limits like α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH and few are below the detection limit. While in the sediment analysis, several classes of pesticides were found such as organophosphate, organochlorine, chloroacetanilides, pyrethroids, and phenylureas in which dimethoate and Heptachlor have a higher value range of 3.83 to 650.3, and 6.34 to 96.85 μg/kg.Spatial shifts in δ-HCH hotspots between seasons suggested contaminant transport and sediment resuspension during monsoon flows. Ecological risk analysis is calculated as Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Cumulative Risk Analysis (CRA) indicated that heptachlor, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos posed the highest ecological risks, with CRA values > 10 at several locations, highlighting urgent need for remediation. Subsequently, the biomagnification pattern of pesticides in the Kali River poses a serious threat to the current river ecosystem's food web and may eventually result in health risks for the human population reliant on the Kali River's catchment area in western Uttar Pradesh, India. The persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and seasonal redistribution of these contaminants underscore the need for continuous monitoring, stricter chemical regulation, and targeted cleanup strategies to mitigate risks to aquatic life and human health.

Graphical Abstract