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<p>This study evaluated the treatment performance of a living wall garden (LG) system for septic tank effluent. The LG unit comprised four vertically arranged reactors filled with a mixture of soil and zeolite, with lightweight gravel as the underdrain layer. Plant species including <i>Pandanus sanderi</i>, <i>Chlorophytum comosum</i>, and <i>Hydrocotyle umbellata</i> were cultivated to enhance treatment efficiency. The system was operated under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranging from 3 to 12 h. The highest biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiency (63.7%) was achieved at a 12-h HRT, while total suspended solids (TSS) removal ranged from 58.5% to 92.1%. <i>P. sanderi</i> and <i>Chlorophytum comosum</i> showed higher adaptability and pollutant tolerance, supporting chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, though their pollutant uptake was limited by shorter root systems and slower growth. Regular biomass harvesting is recommended to prevent clogging and maintain system stability. The system also effectively removed the emerging micropollutant bisphenol A (BPA), with an average removal efficiency of 75.9% at a 12-h HRT. Clayey soil demonstrated significantly higher BPA adsorption compared to gravel media, highlighting the influence of media type on micropollutant retention. The treated effluent met Thai and international discharge standards, demonstrating the potential of LG systems as compact, nature-based solutions for decentralized wastewater treatment and mitigation of emerging contaminants.</p>

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Evaluation of a Living Wall Garden System for Septic Effluent and BPA Removal in Urban Environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Somporn Tanatvanit,
  • Thammarat Koottatep,
  • Tatchai Pussayanavin,
  • Rawintra Eamrat,
  • Chongrak Polprasert

摘要

This study evaluated the treatment performance of a living wall garden (LG) system for septic tank effluent. The LG unit comprised four vertically arranged reactors filled with a mixture of soil and zeolite, with lightweight gravel as the underdrain layer. Plant species including Pandanus sanderi, Chlorophytum comosum, and Hydrocotyle umbellata were cultivated to enhance treatment efficiency. The system was operated under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranging from 3 to 12 h. The highest biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiency (63.7%) was achieved at a 12-h HRT, while total suspended solids (TSS) removal ranged from 58.5% to 92.1%. P. sanderi and Chlorophytum comosum showed higher adaptability and pollutant tolerance, supporting chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, though their pollutant uptake was limited by shorter root systems and slower growth. Regular biomass harvesting is recommended to prevent clogging and maintain system stability. The system also effectively removed the emerging micropollutant bisphenol A (BPA), with an average removal efficiency of 75.9% at a 12-h HRT. Clayey soil demonstrated significantly higher BPA adsorption compared to gravel media, highlighting the influence of media type on micropollutant retention. The treated effluent met Thai and international discharge standards, demonstrating the potential of LG systems as compact, nature-based solutions for decentralized wastewater treatment and mitigation of emerging contaminants.