Construction and Utilization of Innovative Zeolite/Perovskite/Graphene Oxide, Zeolite/Chitosan/Graphene Oxide, and Zeolite/Biochar/Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Composites for Adsorptive Remediation of Cationic Dye from Wastewater

The daily discharge of textile dye wastewater has led to widespread water contamination on a global scale. The objective of this study was to associate the abilities of graphene oxide, perovskite, biochar, and chitosan with nano-zeolites to create a hybrid that can be employed to treat wastewater contaminants. Zeolite-based nanohybrid composites are innovative adsorbents that are both cost-effective and highly effective towards contaminants removal. The co-precipitation approach was employed to synthesize nanozeolite which was then incorporated with GO into the nanocomposites including zeolite/perovskite/graphene oxide, zeolite/biochar/graphene oxide and zeolite/chitosan/graphene oxide (Z/FZTO/GO, Z/BCH/GO and Z/CS/GO), followed by the adsorptive removal of Basic Violet 16 dye. The adsorption capacity was calculated with varying conditions of pH (2–11), adsorbent dose (0.05–0.5 g/50 mL), BV 16 dye concentration (10–150 mg/L), time of contact between adsorbent and BV 16 dye (5–90 min) and temperature (35–65 °C). It was concluded that adsorption capacity increased with an increase in pH, time, and initial BV 16 dye concentration. However, the adsorption capacity decreases with increase in zeolite composite dose and temperature. The BV 16 dye adsorption efficiencies were found in the following order Z/FZTO/GO˃Z/CS/GO˃Z/BCH/GO. Thermodynamic studies indicated spontaneous adsorption, and exothermic reactions. The outcomes demonstrated that adsorption was accompanied by pseudo second⁻order kinetics, and Freundlich adsorption isotherms as evidenced by the high correlation coefficients and adsorption capacities near the experimental values. The adsorption potential for BV 16 dye removal was significantly affected by various concentrations of electrolytes, heavy metal ions, and surfactants due to competition for limited binding sites. 0.5 N HCl concentration was identified as the most effective agent for the desorption. These approaches are economical, ecofriendly, and easy to manufacture.