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<p>In Semi-arid conditions, the properties of soil play a primary role in determining the performance of vegetation and agricultural productivity as well as the sustainability of the ecosystem. This research analyzed the spatial variability of the important soil physicochemical and mineralogical properties of: calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), clay, gypsum, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, texture fractions, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within the Al-Mahannawiya District, Iraq using a combination of geostatistical, and GIS methods. The soil samples have been collected in the fields of agricultural sandy loam soils and analyzed in the laboratory environments and multispectral satellite images have been processed to obtain the corresponding spectral information. Ground based measurements were statistically correlated with satellite-derived variables to represent and map soil properties in high spatial resolution. The findings showed that CaCO<sub>3</sub> contents were between 12 and 21% (mean 16.8%), chlorite was 1.2–10% (mean 5.6%), SOM was between 0.45 and 1.92%, and EC was between 0.42 and 2.71 dS m<sup>−1</sup>, which represented moderately saline and alkaline soils (pH 7.4–8.6). It was found that there is a significant spatial heterogeneity in soil fertility, salinity stress, and mineralogical composition that had a strong impact on vegetation vigor (through NDVI). The effects of salinity, alkalinity and low organic matter on the vegetation constraints were further demonstrated through correlation and multivariate analyses. The paper highlights the importance of the combination of laboratory analysis and the remote sensing and GIS-based models in detecting hotspots of soil degradation and assisting evidence-based land management. The results offer a benchmark of targeted soil amendment, salinity reduction and sustainable agricultural planning, which are advantageous to enhance productivity of land and ecosystem sustainability in semi-arid areas of Iraq.</p>

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Assessment of soil composition, vegetation, and geochemical properties using GIS tools in Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Raad Farhan Shahad,
  • Rafal J. Mohammed,
  • Aysar Jameel Abdalkadhum,
  • Sajjad Hussain,
  • Alaa Khallouf,
  • Aqeel Thamer Almayahi

摘要

In Semi-arid conditions, the properties of soil play a primary role in determining the performance of vegetation and agricultural productivity as well as the sustainability of the ecosystem. This research analyzed the spatial variability of the important soil physicochemical and mineralogical properties of: calcium carbonate (CaCO3), clay, gypsum, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, texture fractions, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within the Al-Mahannawiya District, Iraq using a combination of geostatistical, and GIS methods. The soil samples have been collected in the fields of agricultural sandy loam soils and analyzed in the laboratory environments and multispectral satellite images have been processed to obtain the corresponding spectral information. Ground based measurements were statistically correlated with satellite-derived variables to represent and map soil properties in high spatial resolution. The findings showed that CaCO3 contents were between 12 and 21% (mean 16.8%), chlorite was 1.2–10% (mean 5.6%), SOM was between 0.45 and 1.92%, and EC was between 0.42 and 2.71 dS m−1, which represented moderately saline and alkaline soils (pH 7.4–8.6). It was found that there is a significant spatial heterogeneity in soil fertility, salinity stress, and mineralogical composition that had a strong impact on vegetation vigor (through NDVI). The effects of salinity, alkalinity and low organic matter on the vegetation constraints were further demonstrated through correlation and multivariate analyses. The paper highlights the importance of the combination of laboratory analysis and the remote sensing and GIS-based models in detecting hotspots of soil degradation and assisting evidence-based land management. The results offer a benchmark of targeted soil amendment, salinity reduction and sustainable agricultural planning, which are advantageous to enhance productivity of land and ecosystem sustainability in semi-arid areas of Iraq.