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<p>Concrete production remains a major contributor to global resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, primarily because Portland cement is clinker-intensive. In response, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and alternative binders have been widely investigated to improve performance while reducing environmental impact. This state-of-the-art review critically examines two decades of research on the incorporation of metakaolin (MK) and fiber reinforcement into Portland cement–based and geopolymer concretes, with particular emphasis on mechanical and durability performance. The review synthesizes published findings on the influence of MK calcination conditions, replacement levels, and fiber types on compressive, tensile, and flexural behavior, as well as durability indicators such as water absorption, sulfate resistance, thermal stability, and chloride penetration. Across the reviewed literature, high pozzolanic reactivity of MK is most commonly associated with calcination temperatures of roughly 700–800&#xa0;°C, with reported holding times typically between 2 and 6&#xa0;h, depending on kaolinite composition, heating rate, and activation system. Partial replacement of cement with about 10–20% MK has frequently been reported to enhance 28-day mechanical strength, with typical improvements of 10–20%, although the magnitude of improvement remains strongly dependent on mix design, curing regime, and testing methodology. Fiber reinforcement, used individually or in hybrid combinations, generally enhances toughness, ductility, and crack-bridging capacity, leading to improved post-cracking behavior and durability performance. The review concludes by identifying key knowledge gaps in fiber-MK synergy, long-term durability, and life-cycle assessment, and it outlines directions for future research to optimize sustainable, high-performance cementitious composites.</p>

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State-of-the-art review: mechanical and durability properties of cement concrete with metakaolin and fiber over two decades

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Yusuf Olawale Babatunde,
  • Abdulaleem Oluwasanya Oladeji,
  • Olalekan Toheeb Fatai,
  • Tareg Abdalla Abdalla,
  • Raouf Hassan

摘要

Concrete production remains a major contributor to global resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, primarily because Portland cement is clinker-intensive. In response, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and alternative binders have been widely investigated to improve performance while reducing environmental impact. This state-of-the-art review critically examines two decades of research on the incorporation of metakaolin (MK) and fiber reinforcement into Portland cement–based and geopolymer concretes, with particular emphasis on mechanical and durability performance. The review synthesizes published findings on the influence of MK calcination conditions, replacement levels, and fiber types on compressive, tensile, and flexural behavior, as well as durability indicators such as water absorption, sulfate resistance, thermal stability, and chloride penetration. Across the reviewed literature, high pozzolanic reactivity of MK is most commonly associated with calcination temperatures of roughly 700–800 °C, with reported holding times typically between 2 and 6 h, depending on kaolinite composition, heating rate, and activation system. Partial replacement of cement with about 10–20% MK has frequently been reported to enhance 28-day mechanical strength, with typical improvements of 10–20%, although the magnitude of improvement remains strongly dependent on mix design, curing regime, and testing methodology. Fiber reinforcement, used individually or in hybrid combinations, generally enhances toughness, ductility, and crack-bridging capacity, leading to improved post-cracking behavior and durability performance. The review concludes by identifying key knowledge gaps in fiber-MK synergy, long-term durability, and life-cycle assessment, and it outlines directions for future research to optimize sustainable, high-performance cementitious composites.