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<p>This study examines the potential of using graphite mine tailings and biomass ash as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregates in concrete. A total of sixteen mixes were prepared by replacing cement at four levels—0, 5, 10, and 20% by mass—with graphite tailings, and fine aggregates at four levels—0, 10, 15, and 20%—with biomass ash. Concrete properties including compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity, abrasion resistance, and density were evaluated after 28&#xa0;days. The compressive strength ranged from 50.85&#xa0;MPa in the control mix to 29.11&#xa0;MPa in the mix with 20% cement replacement. Flexural strength peaked at 6.36&#xa0;MPa in mixes with 5% cement and 10 to 15% ash, while the lowest was 4.53&#xa0;MPa. Ultrasonic pulse velocity increased with cement replacement, reaching a maximum of 4200.72&#xa0;m/s. Porosity increased from 4.04 to 9.60% with rising waste content. SEM revealed increased voids and weaker bonding in high-tailings mixes, while XRD showed reduced portlandite peaks and increased quartz content. FTIR confirmed reduced hydroxyl bonding in high-tailings mixes. Linear regression achieved an R<sup>2</sup> close to 1.00 with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.44%, suggesting excellent predictive power. The findings support limited use of graphite tailings up to 10% and biomass ash up to 15% to maintain performance while incorporating 25% waste material by mass.</p>

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Evaluating graphite tailings and biomass ash as sustainable replacements in concrete: experimental and predictive assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Sandeep Singh,
  • Kartik kumar A. Patel,
  • Jagdeep Singh,
  • A. K. Dasarathy,
  • S. Vanitha,
  • Priyadarshi Das

摘要

This study examines the potential of using graphite mine tailings and biomass ash as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregates in concrete. A total of sixteen mixes were prepared by replacing cement at four levels—0, 5, 10, and 20% by mass—with graphite tailings, and fine aggregates at four levels—0, 10, 15, and 20%—with biomass ash. Concrete properties including compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity, abrasion resistance, and density were evaluated after 28 days. The compressive strength ranged from 50.85 MPa in the control mix to 29.11 MPa in the mix with 20% cement replacement. Flexural strength peaked at 6.36 MPa in mixes with 5% cement and 10 to 15% ash, while the lowest was 4.53 MPa. Ultrasonic pulse velocity increased with cement replacement, reaching a maximum of 4200.72 m/s. Porosity increased from 4.04 to 9.60% with rising waste content. SEM revealed increased voids and weaker bonding in high-tailings mixes, while XRD showed reduced portlandite peaks and increased quartz content. FTIR confirmed reduced hydroxyl bonding in high-tailings mixes. Linear regression achieved an R2 close to 1.00 with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.44%, suggesting excellent predictive power. The findings support limited use of graphite tailings up to 10% and biomass ash up to 15% to maintain performance while incorporating 25% waste material by mass.