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<p>The advancement of 3D Printing in Cementitious Composites (3DPCC) is transforming construction by enabling sustainable, cost-efficient, and customised solutions. This comprehensive review provides a state-of-the-art overview of 3D printing technologies, highlighting their mechanical design, scalability, and automation. In addition, the key materials used for each 3D printing technology are briefly discussed for all 3DPCC. Moreover, this study examines the influence of critical printing parameters, including pumpability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, on 3DPCC and their impact on material properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, interlayer bonding, and durability. Furthermore, Various novel approaches are discussed in detail for enhancing the material properties and interlayer bonding of 3DPCC, examining how these modifications can influence the performance and characteristics of the material. In addition, modifications to the 3D printer, such as changes in deposition direction and nozzle shape, are briefly discussed with regard to their effects on the deposited layers and the enhancement of interlayer bonding.</p>

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Advancements in 3D printing of cementitious composites: technologies, parameters, and novel approaches for enhanced material performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Parth Gajjar,
  • Sanjog Chhetri Sapkota,
  • T. Gajjar

摘要

The advancement of 3D Printing in Cementitious Composites (3DPCC) is transforming construction by enabling sustainable, cost-efficient, and customised solutions. This comprehensive review provides a state-of-the-art overview of 3D printing technologies, highlighting their mechanical design, scalability, and automation. In addition, the key materials used for each 3D printing technology are briefly discussed for all 3DPCC. Moreover, this study examines the influence of critical printing parameters, including pumpability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, on 3DPCC and their impact on material properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, interlayer bonding, and durability. Furthermore, Various novel approaches are discussed in detail for enhancing the material properties and interlayer bonding of 3DPCC, examining how these modifications can influence the performance and characteristics of the material. In addition, modifications to the 3D printer, such as changes in deposition direction and nozzle shape, are briefly discussed with regard to their effects on the deposited layers and the enhancement of interlayer bonding.